{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:48:58Z","timestamp":1762508938666,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NORTE2020","award":["Norte-08-5369-FSE-000050","Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000028","UIDB\/00081\/2020\u2014CIQUP","LA\/P\/0056\/2020\u2014IMS","UIDB\/05748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-08-5369-FSE-000050","Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000028","UIDB\/00081\/2020\u2014CIQUP","LA\/P\/0056\/2020\u2014IMS","UIDB\/05748\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["Norte-08-5369-FSE-000050","Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000028","UIDB\/00081\/2020\u2014CIQUP","LA\/P\/0056\/2020\u2014IMS","UIDB\/05748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-08-5369-FSE-000050","Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000028","UIDB\/00081\/2020\u2014CIQUP","LA\/P\/0056\/2020\u2014IMS","UIDB\/05748\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dithiocarbazates comprise an important class of Schiff bases with remarkable biological applications due to the imine group present in their structure. However, full exploitation of the biological activity of 3-methyl-5-phenyl-pyrazoline-1-(S-benzyldithiocarbazate) (DTC) is limited due to its easy degradation and poor solubility in aqueous solutions. The loading of DTC into mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSiNPs) can be an excellent strategy to improve the solubility of DTC in the aqueous medium. Therefore, the main goal of the present work was to design MSiNP-DTC and to evaluate the success of the loading process by measuring its physicochemical properties and evaluating the environmental safety of the new DTC formulation using different aquatic organisms, such as the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata, the macrophyte Lemna minor, and the marine bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri. DTC, MSiNP, and MSiNP-DTC concentrations ranging from 8.8 to 150 mg L\u22121 were tested for all the species, showing low toxicity against aquatic organisms. Loading DTC into MSiNPs caused a slight increase in the toxicity at the concentrations tested, only allowing for the estimation of the effect concentration causing a 20% reduction in bioluminescence or growth rate (EC20). Therefore, despite the potential of MSiNPs as a drug delivery system (DDS), it is of utmost importance to assess its impact on the safety of the new formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13020370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T02:10:32Z","timestamp":1673921432000},"page":"370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Preparation, Characterization, and Environmental Safety Assessment of Dithiocarbazate Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0329-2240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thacilla","family":"Menezes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto University Chemistry Research Center (CIQUP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS)\u2014Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sirine","family":"Bouguerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto\u2014Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & INOV4AGRO, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3794-8159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Andreani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto University Chemistry Research Center (CIQUP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS)\u2014Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"GreenUPorto\u2014Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & INOV4AGRO, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CTAB) & INOV4AGRO, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6857-5968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto\u2014Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & INOV4AGRO, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8392-9581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto University Chemistry Research Center (CIQUP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS)\u2014Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"A review on synthesis and versatile applications of some selected Schiff bases with their transition metal complexes","volume":"4","author":"Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt. 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