{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T01:33:40Z","timestamp":1770600820927,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.05323.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.05323.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020 + LA\/P\/0094\/2020 and UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020 + LA\/P\/0094\/2020 and UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies have described the occurrence of nanoparticles (NPs) in aquatic ecosystems, with particular attention to the widely commercialized carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Their presence in the environment raises concerns, especially regarding their toxicity when co-occurring with other pollutants such as metals. In the present study, changes to the metabolic capacity, oxidative, and neurologic status were evaluated in the presence of carboxylated multi-walled CNTs and chromium (Cr(III)) using two of the most ecologically and economically relevant filter feeder organisms: the clam species Ruditapes decussatus and R. philippinarum. Results indicated that although Cr, either alone or in combination with CNTs, was found in a similar concentration level in both species, a species-specific Cr accumulation was observed, with higher values in R. decussatus in comparison with R. philippinarum. Inhibition of antioxidant defenses and neurotoxic effects were detected only in R. philippinarum. The interaction between contaminants seems to have no effect in terms of antioxidant enzyme activities and neuro status. Nevertheless, synergistic activation of responses to both contaminants may have altered the metabolic capacity of bivalves, particularly evident in R. decussatus. While both clams are tolerant to both contaminants (alone and together), they showed a relevant accumulation capacity, which may represent a possible contaminant transfer to humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13040690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T04:48:03Z","timestamp":1676004483000},"page":"690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of Carbon Nanoparticles and Chromium Combined Exposure in Native (Ruditapes decussatus) and Invasive (Ruditapes philippinarum) Clams"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3378-1179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julieta","family":"Sturla Lompr\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study of Marine Systems (CESIMAR-CONICET), National Patagonian Center, Bv. Almte Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn 9120, Argentina"},{"name":"Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6899-4476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"De Marchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0879-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amadeu M. V. M.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Pretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology of Leghorn \u201cG. Bacci\u201d, 57128 Livorno, Italy"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Chielini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Udr INSTM Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Eduarda","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4900-3897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1515\/REVEH.2009.24.2.129","article-title":"Ecotoxicology of Hexavalent Chromium in Freshwater Fish: A Critical Review","volume":"24","author":"Velma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsd.2021.100672","article-title":"Correlation of Hexavalent Chromium Concentration to Groundwater Hydrochemical Zones Chemistry","volume":"15","author":"Charoula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Groundw. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmetal.2014.44011","article-title":"Marine Invertebrates as Bioindicators of Heavy Metal Pollution","volume":"4","author":"Chiarelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open J. Met."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-007-9310-8","article-title":"Assessment of EDTA in Chromium (III-VI) Toxicity on Marine Intertidal Crab (Petrolisthes Laevigatus)","volume":"80","author":"Urrutia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2012.04.015","article-title":"Effects of Sublethal, Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Hexavalent Chromium in the Gills of Mytilus Galloprovincialis","volume":"120\u2013121","author":"Ciacci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2011.09.002","article-title":"Immunomodulation in Mytilus Galloprovincialis by Non-Toxic Doses of Hexavalent Chromium","volume":"31","author":"Ciacci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2007.01.009","article-title":"Macromolecule Oxidation and DNA Repair in Mussel (Mytilus Edulis L.) Gill Following Exposure to Cd and Cr(VI)","volume":"82","author":"Emmanouil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.01.037","article-title":"Pleiotropic Effects of Hexavalent Chromium (CrVI) in Mytilus Galloprovincialis Digestive Gland","volume":"83","author":"Barmo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/15376510309845","article-title":"Effect of Chromium on Certain Aspects of Metabolic Toxicities","volume":"13","author":"Dey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-002-1490-9","article-title":"Removal of Trivalent Chromium from Tannery Waste Waters Using Bone Charcoal","volume":"374","author":"Dahbi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1021\/tx700198a","article-title":"Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms in Metal Carcinogenesis and Cocarcinogenesis: Nickel, Arsenic, and Chromium","volume":"21","author":"Salnikow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, WHO. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2018.03.007","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Chromium Induced Alterations in Fresh Water Fishes","volume":"5","author":"Bakshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7463-x","article-title":"Toxicity and Oxidative Stress Induced by Chromium in Workers Exposed from Different Occupational Settings around the Globe: A Review","volume":"23","author":"Junaid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4236\/jep.2010.11007","article-title":"Impacts of Chromium from Tannery Effluent and Evaluation of Alternative Treatment Options","volume":"01","author":"Belay","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178630220921410","DOI":"10.1177\/1178630220921410","article-title":"Chromium, Cadmium, Lead, and Arsenic Concentrations in Water, Vegetables, and Seafood Consumed in a Coastal Area in Northern Vietnam","volume":"14","author":"Ngoc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health Insights"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.10.078","article-title":"Studies on Seasonal Pollution of Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment, Fish and Oyster from the Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake in China","volume":"191","author":"Rajeshkumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2017.05.011","article-title":"Nanoparticles: Properties, Applications and Toxicities","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222453","article-title":"Carbon Nanotubes: Present and Future Commercial Applications","volume":"339","author":"Tawfick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4447","DOI":"10.1021\/es7029637","article-title":"Exposure Modeling of Engineered Nanoparticles in the Environment","volume":"42","author":"Mueller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9837","DOI":"10.1021\/es201579y","article-title":"Potential Release Pathways, Environmental Fate, and Ecological Risks of Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"45","author":"Petersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3385","article-title":"Nanomaterials in the Aquatic Environment: A European Union-United States Perspective on the Status of Ecotoxicity Testing, Research Priorities, and Challenges Ahead","volume":"35","author":"Selck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.095","article-title":"Ecotoxicological Effects of Carbon Based Nanomaterials in Aquatic Organisms","volume":"619\u2013620","author":"Freixa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1021\/es1026097","article-title":"Phase Distribution of 14C-Labeled Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Aqueous Systems Containing Model Solids: Peat","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.06.008","article-title":"Long-Term Toxicity of Surface-Charged Polystyrene Nanoplastics to Marine Planktonic Species Dunaliella Tertiolecta and Artemia Franciscana","volume":"189","author":"Bergami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123398","article-title":"Risk Assessment of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in an Aquatic Ecosystem: A Case Study on Biomphalaria Glabrata","volume":"401","author":"Caixeta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123879","article-title":"Effects of Polystyrene Nanoplastics on Ctenopharyngodon Idella (Grass Carp) after Individual and Combined Exposure with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"403","author":"Estrela","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2008.11.010","article-title":"Toxicity Biomarker Expression in Daphnids Exposed to Manufactured Nanoparticles: Changes in Toxicity with Functionalization","volume":"157","author":"Klaper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2018.10.015","article-title":"Toxicity Evaluation of Carboxylated Carbon Nanotubes to the Reef-Forming Tubeworm Ficopomatus Enigmaticus (Fauvel, 1923)","volume":"143","author":"Oliva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26729-2","article-title":"The Influence of Salinity on the Effects of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Polychaetes","volume":"8","author":"Neto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.09.021","article-title":"Nano-Sized Polystyrene Affects Feeding, Behavior and Physiology of Brine Shrimp Artemia Franciscana Larvae","volume":"123","author":"Bergami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2018.04.001","article-title":"Effects of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Materials on Ruditapes Philippinarum under Climate Change: The Case of Salinity Shifts","volume":"199","author":"Neto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.01.016","article-title":"Community Effects of Carbon Nanotubes in Aquatic Sediments","volume":"37","author":"Velzeboer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129775","article-title":"Effects of Temperature on Caffeine and Carbon Nanotubes Co-Exposure in Ruditapes Philippinarum","volume":"271","author":"Piscopo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.180","article-title":"Environmental Mixtures of Nanomaterials and Chemicals: The Trojan-Horse Phenomenon and Its Relevance for Ecotoxicity","volume":"635","author":"Naasz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.39","article-title":"The Nano Cocktail: Ecotoxicological Effects of Engineered Nanoparticles in Chemical Mixtures","volume":"6","author":"Hartmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2011.09.012","article-title":"A Multibiomarker Approach in the Clam Ruditapes Decussatus to Assess the Impact of Pollution in the Ria Formosa Lagoon, South Coast of Portugal","volume":"75","author":"Cravo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"92","article-title":"Introduction in Europe, from 1972 to 1980, of the Japanese Manila Clam (Tapes Philippinarum) and the Effects on Aquaculture Production and Natural Settlement","volume":"194","author":"Flassch","year":"1992","journal-title":"ICES Mar. Sci. Symp."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2013.05.035","article-title":"Physiological Responses to Depuration and Transport of Native and Exotic Clams at Different Temperatures","volume":"408\u2013409","author":"Anacleto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2014.11.018","article-title":"Predicting Coexistence and Predominance Patterns between the Introduced Manila Clam (Ruditapes Philippinarum) and the European Native Clam (Ruditapes Decussatus)","volume":"152","author":"Bidegain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2015.06.005","article-title":"Biochemical Performance of Native and Introduced Clam Species Living in Sympatry: The Role of Elements Accumulation and Partitioning","volume":"109","author":"Velez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.06.041","article-title":"The Impacts of As Accumulation under Different PH Levels: Comparing Ruditapes Decussatus and Ruditapes Philippinarum Biochemical Performance","volume":"151","author":"Velez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.05.019","article-title":"Native and Introduced Clams Biochemical Responses to Salinity and PH Changes","volume":"566\u2013567","author":"Velez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.11.030","article-title":"Clams Sensitivity towards As and Hg: A Comprehensive Assessment of Native and Exotic Species","volume":"125","author":"Velez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.10.049","article-title":"Aqueous Stability of Oxidized Carbon Nanotubes and the Precipitation by Salts","volume":"165","author":"Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.1021\/es702830b","article-title":"Influence of Sediment\u2212Amendment with Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Diesel Soot on Bioaccumulation of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates","volume":"42","author":"Ferguson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1532","article-title":"Toxic Effects of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Bivalves: Comparison between Functionalized and Nonfunctionalized Nanoparticles","volume":"622\u2013623","author":"Neto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7861","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01922","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Developmental Toxicity Induced by Graphene Oxide at Predicted Environmental Concentrations","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146914","article-title":"Bioaccumulation and Ecotoxicological Responses of Clams Exposed to Terbium and Carbon Nanotubes: Comparison between Native (Ruditapes Decussatus) and Invasive (Ruditapes Philippinarum) Species","volume":"784","author":"Moleiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.282","article-title":"Simultaneous Removal of Trace Elements from Contaminated Waters by Living Ulva Lactuca","volume":"652","author":"Henriques","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Anderson, M., Gorley, R.N., and Clarke, R.K. (2008). Permanova+ for Primer: Guide to Software and Statistical Methods, PRIMER-E."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.05.056","article-title":"The Influence of Arsenic on the Toxicity of Carbon Nanoparticles in Bivalves","volume":"358","author":"Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1080\/02757540.2017.1328503","article-title":"A Review for Chromium Removal by Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"33","author":"Anastopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/232378","article-title":"Removal of Chromium (III) from Water by Using Modified and Nonmodified Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"2010","author":"Atieh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(03)00392-0","article-title":"Competitive Adsorption of Pb2+, Cu2+ and Cd 2+ Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Carbon N. Y."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2009.06.009","article-title":"Sorption Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Competition of Ni2+ from Aqueous Solutions onto Surface Oxidized Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"249","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2021.105797","article-title":"Sensitivity to Oil Dispersants: Effects on the Valve Movements of the Blue Mussel Mytilus Edulis and the Giant Scallop Placopecten Magellanicus, in Sub-Arctic Conditions","volume":"234","author":"Durier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30945","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06643-4","article-title":"The Effects of Co-Exposure of Graphene Oxide and Copper under Different PH Conditions in Manila Clam Ruditapes Philippinarum","volume":"27","author":"Britto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2012.04.003","article-title":"Energy Homeostasis as an Integrative Tool for Assessing Limits of Environmental Stress Tolerance in Aquatic Invertebrates","volume":"79","author":"Sokolova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2012.03.017","article-title":"Accumulation and Toxicity of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles in the Digestive Gland of Mytilus Galloprovincialis","volume":"118\u2013119","author":"Gomes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2013.07.006","article-title":"Oxidative Pathways of Chemical Toxicity and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Marine Organisms","volume":"93","author":"Regoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.04.013","article-title":"Can Ecological History Influence Immunomarker Responses and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Bivalves That Have Been Experimentally Exposed to Contaminants? A New Subject for Discussion in \u201cEco-Immunology\u201d Studies","volume":"35","author":"Matozzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.05.005","article-title":"Does Exposure to Reduced PH and Diclofenac Induce Oxidative Stress in Marine Bivalves? A Comparative Study with the Mussel Mytilus Galloprovincialis and the Clam Ruditapes Philippinarum","volume":"240","author":"Munari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1134\/S1995082919060063","article-title":"The Use of Oxidative Stress Parameters of Bivalve Mollusks Dreissena Polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) as Biomarkers for Ecotoxicological Assessment of Environment","volume":"12","author":"Klimova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inl. Water Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2020.110674","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, Metabolic and Histopathological Alterations in Mussels Exposed to Remediated Seawater by GO-PEI after Contamination with Mercury","volume":"243","author":"Coppola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol.-Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2020.105418","article-title":"Stress under the Sun: Effects of Exposure to Low Concentrations of UV-Filter 4- Methylbenzylidene Camphor (4-MBC) in a Marine Bivalve Filter Feeder, the Manila Clam Ruditapes Philippinarum","volume":"221","author":"Santonocito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1039\/C7EN00335H","article-title":"The Impacts of Seawater Acidification on: Ruditapes Philippinarum Sensitivity to Carbon Nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Neto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52925-9","article-title":"Copper Sulphate Impact on the Antioxidant Defence System of the Marine Bivalves Cerastoderma Edule and Scrobicularia Plana","volume":"9","author":"Mesquita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2014.963723","article-title":"Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles and Ionic Silver: Comparison of Adverse Effects and Potential Toxicity Mechanisms in the Freshwater Clam Sphaerium Corneum","volume":"9","author":"Boedicker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.10.055","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Histological Changes Following Exposure to Diamond Nanoparticles in the Freshwater Asian Clam Corbicula Fluminea (M\u00fcller, 1774)","volume":"284","author":"Cid","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.03.041","article-title":"Saltwater Ecotoxicology of Ag, Au, CuO, TiO2, ZnO and C60 Engineered Nanoparticles: An Overview","volume":"92\u201393","author":"Minetto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/321213","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase as a Biomarker in Environmental and Occupational Medicine: New Insights and Future Perspectives","volume":"2013","author":"Lionetto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biological Effects of Contaminants: Cholinesterase Inhibition by Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds","volume":"22","author":"Galgani","year":"1998","journal-title":"ICES Tech. Mar. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2007.02.014","article-title":"Effects of Copper and Cadmium on Cholinesterase and Glutathione S-Transferase Activities of Two Marine Gastropods (Monodonta Lineata and Nucella Lapillus)","volume":"145","author":"Cunha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol.-C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.12.038","article-title":"A Multibiomarker Approach to the Assessment of Pollution Impacts in Two Baltic Sea Coastal Areas in Sweden Using Caged Mussels (Mytilus Trossulus)","volume":"473\u2013474","author":"Turja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2016.10.007","article-title":"Suitability of Cholinesterase of Polychaete Diopatra Neapolitana as Biomarker of Exposure to Pesticides: In Vitro Characterization","volume":"191","author":"Mennillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part-C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.12.057","article-title":"Cholinesterase Activity in the Cup Oyster Saccostrea Sp. Exposed to Chlorpyrifos, Imidacloprid, Cadmium and Copper","volume":"151","author":"Villamil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"35","article-title":"De In Vivo Effects of Metals on the Acetylcholinesterase Activity of the Perna Perna Mussel\u2019s Digestive Gland","volume":"19","author":"Bainy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotemas"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"179","article-title":"Arsenic Induced Biochemical Changes in Perna Viridis as Potential Biomarkers in Metal Pollution","volume":"3","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J. Biochem. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2010.12.003","article-title":"Toxicological Responses to Acute Mercury Exposure for Three Species of Manila Clam Ruditapes Philippinarum by NMR-Based Metabolomics","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(03)00058-9","article-title":"Increased Acetylcholinesterase Activities in Specimens of Sparus Auratus Exposed to Sublethal Copper Concentrations","volume":"145","author":"Romani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/4\/690\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:29:58Z","timestamp":1760120998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/4\/690"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nano13040690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano13040690","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]}}}