{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T14:41:16Z","timestamp":1772116876213,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00481\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00481\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00481\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00481\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CTMCTM\/29671\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTMCTM\/29671\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.02284.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.02284.CEECIND"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Harvesting ambient mechanical energy at the nanometric scale holds great promise for powering small electronics and achieving self-powered electronic devices. The current review is focused on kinetic energy harvesters, particularly on flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (p-NGs) based on barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanomaterials. p-NGs based on nanotubes, nanowires, nanofibres, nanoplatelets, nanocubes or nanoparticles of BaTiO3 fabricated in vertical or lateral orientation, as well as mixed composite structures, are overviewed here. The achievable power output level is shown to depend on the fabrication method, processing parameters and potential application conditions. Therefore, the most widely studied aspects, such as influence of geometry\/orientation, BaTiO3 content, poling process and other factors in the output performance of p-NGs, are discussed. The current standing of BaTiO3-based p-NGs as possible candidates for various applications is summarized, and the issues that need to be addressed for realization of practical piezoelectric energy harvesting devices are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13060988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T03:02:08Z","timestamp":1678417328000},"page":"988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Current Achievements in Flexible Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Barium Titanate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0885-7127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olena","family":"Okhay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TEMA-Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI-Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0318-9262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Tkach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17306","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR05098G","article-title":"A High Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-powered Non-volatile Ferroelectric Transistor Memory","volume":"7","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1021\/nl303539c","article-title":"Flexible Fibre Nanogenerator with 209 V Output Voltage Directly Powers a Light-emitting Diode","volume":"13","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ee41889h","article-title":"Measurement Techniques for Piezoelectric Nanogenerators","volume":"6","author":"Briscoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Environ. 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