{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T13:21:28Z","timestamp":1777468888799,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UI\/BD\/151292\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151292\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["2021.03825.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.03825.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["952169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["952169"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["101008701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101008701"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["787410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["787410"]}]},{"name":"EC","award":["UI\/BD\/151292\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151292\/2021"]}]},{"name":"EC","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"EC","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"EC","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"EC","award":["2021.03825.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.03825.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"EC","award":["952169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["952169"]}]},{"name":"EC","award":["101008701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101008701"]}]},{"name":"EC","award":["787410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["787410"]}]},{"name":"European Community","award":["UI\/BD\/151292\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151292\/2021"]}]},{"name":"European Community","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Community","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Community","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Community","award":["2021.03825.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.03825.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"European Community","award":["952169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["952169"]}]},{"name":"European Community","award":["101008701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101008701"]}]},{"name":"European Community","award":["787410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["787410"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The preparation of visible-light-driven photocatalysts has become highly appealing for environmental remediation through simple, fast and green chemical methods. The current study reports the synthesis and characterization of graphitic carbon nitride\/titanium dioxide (g-C3N4\/TiO2) heterostructures through a fast (1 h) and simple microwave-assisted approach. Different g-C3N4 amounts mixed with TiO2 (15, 30 and 45 wt. %) were investigated for the photocatalytic degradation of a recalcitrant azo dye (methyl orange (MO)) under solar simulating light. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the anatase TiO2 phase for the pure material and all heterostructures produced. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that by increasing the amount of g-C3N4 in the synthesis, large TiO2 aggregates composed of irregularly shaped particles were disintegrated and resulted in smaller ones, composing a film that covered the g-C3N4 nanosheets. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analyses confirmed the existence of an effective interface between a g-C3N4 nanosheet and a TiO2 nanocrystal. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) evidenced no chemical alterations to both g-C3N4 and TiO2 at the heterostructure. The visible-light absorption shift was indicated by the red shift in the absorption onset through the ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) absorption spectra. The 30 wt. % of g-C3N4\/TiO2 heterostructure showed the best photocatalytic performance, with a MO dye degradation of 85% in 4 h, corresponding to an enhanced efficiency of almost 2 and 10 times greater than that of pure TiO2 and g-C3N4 nanosheets, respectively. Superoxide radical species were found to be the most active radical species in the MO photodegradation process. The creation of a type-II heterostructure is highly suggested due to the negligible participation of hydroxyl radical species in the photodegradation process. The superior photocatalytic activity was attributed to the synergy of g-C3N4 and TiO2 materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13061090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T02:38:27Z","timestamp":1679279907000},"page":"1090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Microwave Synthesis of Visible-Light-Activated g-C3N4\/TiO2 Photocatalysts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9600-453X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Leonor","family":"Matias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP\/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7432-8725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana S.","family":"Reis-Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0424-3248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department & I3N, Aveiro University, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6798-111X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Calmeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP\/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2764-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Deuermeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP\/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP\/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Fortunato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP\/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1997-7669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP\/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3115-6588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP\/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2020.05.034","article-title":"Recent advances in the treatment of dye-containing wastewater from textile industries: Overview and perspectives","volume":"143","author":"Samsami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju, L., Tang, X., Li, X., Liu, B., Qiao, X., Wang, Z., and Yin, H. (2023). NO2 Physical-to-Chemical Adsorption Transition on Janus WSSe Monolayers Realized by Defect Introduction. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041644"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.02.039","article-title":"Recent developments in photocatalytic water treatment technology: A review","volume":"44","author":"Jin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.113160","article-title":"A critical review on the treatment of dye-containing wastewater: Ecotoxicological and health concerns of textile dyes and possible remediation approaches for environmental safety","volume":"231","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Aich, V., and Ehlert, K. (2022). Global Water Partnership and World Meteorological Organization, WMO."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2022, November 29). World Health Organization Drinking-Water. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/factsheets\/detail\/drinking-water."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2009.06.018","article-title":"Decontamination and disinfection of water by solar photocatalysis: Recent overview and trends","volume":"147","author":"Malato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1007\/s42765-022-00192-1","article-title":"Waste Textile Reutilization Via a Scalable Dyeing Technology: A Strategy to Enhance Dyestuffs Degradation Efficiency","volume":"4","author":"Zhai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Fiber Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.02.097","article-title":"Removal of azo and anthraquinone reactive dyes from industrial wastewaters using MgO nanoparticles","volume":"168","author":"Moussavi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4497","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MA00354B","article-title":"Recent advances on the removal of dyes from wastewater using various adsorbents: A critical review","volume":"2","author":"Dutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anisuzzaman, S.M., Joseph, C.G., Pang, C.K., Affandi, N.A., Maruja, S.N., and Vijayan, V. (2022). Current Trends in the Utilization of Photolysis and Photocatalysis Treatment Processes for the Remediation of Dye Wastewater: A Short Review. ChemEngineering, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemengineering6040058"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5483","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NJ03513A","article-title":"Solar-assisted photocatalytic reduction of methyl orange azo dye over porous TiO2 nanostructures","volume":"40","author":"Sheikh","year":"2016","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"20170006","article-title":"Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dyes Over Semiconductors Supported on Polyethylene Terephthalate and Polystyrene Substrates","volume":"20","author":"Sandoval","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Oxid. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.10.040","article-title":"Rapid degradation of azo dye methyl orange using hollow cobalt nanoparticles","volume":"144","author":"Sha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.04.046","article-title":"Biological treatment of model dyes and textile wastewaters","volume":"181","author":"Paz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, D., Pimentel, A., Branquinho, R., Fortunato, E., and Martins, R. (2021). Metal oxide-based photocatalytic paper: A green alternative for environmental remediation. Catalysts, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal11040504"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, G., Han, H., Wang, Y., Liu, S., Zhao, J., Meng, X., and Li, Z. (2021). Recent Advances of Photocatalytic Application in Water Treatment: A Review. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11071804"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2014.9050","article-title":"Nanotechnology-based water treatment strategies","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Wang, X., Liu, H., Liu, C., Wan, Y., Long, Y., and Cai, Z. (2019). Recent Advances and Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalytic Technology. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9122489"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"94","article-title":"Reduction of Textile Dye by Using Heterogeneous Photocatalysis","volume":"2","author":"Sahu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-021-04561-0","article-title":"Development of g-C3N4-TiO2 visible active hybrid photocatalyst for the photodegradation of methyl orange","volume":"47","author":"Kuldeep","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1007\/s11244-018-0968-4","article-title":"Enhanced UV Flexible Photodetectors and Photocatalysts Based on TiO2 Nanoplatforms","volume":"61","author":"Nunes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Top. Catal."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matias, M.L., Pimentel, A., Reis-Machado, A.S., Rodrigues, J., Deuermeier, J., Fortunato, E., Martins, R., and Nunes, D. (2022). Enhanced Fe-TiO2 Solar Photocatalysts on Porous Platforms for Water Purification. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12061005"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.128430","article-title":"Ferroelectric polarization effect promoting the bulk charge separation for enhance the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation","volume":"410","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, D., Pimentel, A., Santos, L., Barquinha, P., Fortunato, E., and Martins, R. (2017). Photocatalytic TiO2 Nanorod Spheres and Arrays Compatible with Flexible Applications. Catalysts, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal7020060"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2015.10.038","article-title":"Photocatalytic behavior of TiO2 films synthesized by microwave irradiation","volume":"278","author":"Nunes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11987-3","article-title":"Titanium dioxide and graphitic carbon nitride\u2013based nanocomposites and nanofibres for the degradation of organic pollutants in water: A review","volume":"28","author":"Ratshiedana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000197","DOI":"10.1002\/adsu.202000197","article-title":"Enhancing the Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Catalysts","volume":"4","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sustain. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Pimentel, A., Nunes, D., Pereira, S., Martins, R., and Fortunato, E. (2016). Semiconductor Photocatalysis\u2014Materials, Mechanisms and Applications, IntechOpen. Chapter 3."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"040002","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-959X\/abed40","article-title":"Enhanced solar photocatalysis of TiO2 nanoparticles and nanostructured thin films grown on paper","volume":"2","author":"Freire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Express"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25405","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25405","article-title":"Highly Visible Light Responsive, Narrow Band gap TiO2 Nanoparticles Modified by Elemental Red Phosphorus for Photocatalysis and Photoelectrochemical Applications","volume":"6","author":"Ansari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2174\/1874088X01004020009","article-title":"Study of the bandgap of synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticules using the sol-gel method and a hydrothermal treatment","volume":"4","author":"Valencia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Mater. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.07.233","article-title":"A critical review of metal-doped TiO2 and its structure\u2013physical properties\u2013photocatalytic activity relationship in hydrogen production","volume":"45","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physe.2016.06.004","article-title":"Non-metal doped TiO2 nanotube arrays for high efficiency photocatalytic decomposition of organic species in water","volume":"84","author":"Szkoda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. E: Low-Dimens. Syst. Nanostructures"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3390\/catal3010276","article-title":"Defect-Driven Restructuring of TiO2 Surface and Modified Reactivity Toward Deposited Gold Atoms","volume":"3","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28832-w","article-title":"Facile one-step synthesis of TiO2\/Ag\/SnO2 ternary heterostructures with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Angel, R.D., Dur\u00e1n-\u00c1lvarez, J.C., Zanella, R., Angel, R.D., Dur\u00e1n-\u00c1lvarez, J.C., and Zanella, R. (2018). Titanium Dioxide\u2014Material for a Sustainable Environment, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7255","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.9b01739","article-title":"TiO2\/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B under Simulated Sunlight","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210276","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.210276","article-title":"Rapid and Scalable Fabrication of TiO2@g-C3N4 Heterojunction for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic NO Removal under Visible Light","volume":"21","author":"Pham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16449","DOI":"10.1021\/am502925j","article-title":"Graphitic carbon nitride: Synthesis, properties, and applications in catalysis","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2019.116284","article-title":"Structural modification of a 2D \u03c0-conjugated polymeric material (g-C3N4) through boron doping for extended visible light absorption","volume":"260","author":"Tripathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01943","article-title":"Synthesis and luminescence mechanism of multicolor-emitting g-C3N4 nanopowders by low temperature thermal condensation of melamine","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4576","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CY01061G","article-title":"Controllable synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride nanomaterials for solar energy conversion and environmental remediation: The road travelled and the way forward","volume":"8","author":"Iqbal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11467-019-0950-z","article-title":"Graphitic carbon nitride based single-atom photocatalysts","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.08.173","article-title":"A review on g-C3N4 for photocatalytic water splitting and CO2 reduction","volume":"358","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H.Y., Wu, L.C., Zhao, H., Jin, L.G., and Qi, S.Y. (2015). Synergic Effect between Adsorption and Photocatalysis of Metal-Free g-C3N4 Derived from Different Precursors. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142616"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.06.105","article-title":"Enhanced photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 2D nanosheets through thermal exfoliation using dicyandiamide as precursor","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10397","DOI":"10.1021\/la900923z","article-title":"Photodegradation performance of g-C3N4 fabricated by directly heating melamine","volume":"25","author":"Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"e9120015","article-title":"Copper as a single metal atom based photo-, electro-, and photoelectrochemical catalyst decorated on carbon nitride surface for efficient CO2 reduction: A review","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Res. Energy"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.06.089","article-title":"Urea-derived graphitic carbon nitride (u-g-C3N4) films with highly enhanced antimicrobial and sporicidal activity","volume":"505","author":"Thurston","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cy20049j","article-title":"Facile transformation of low cost thiourea into nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride nanocatalyst with high visible light photocatalytic performance","volume":"2","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Catal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.158807","article-title":"The bifunctional performance analysis of synthesized Ce doped SnO2\/g-C3N4 composites for asymmetric supercapacitor and visible light photocatalytic applications","volume":"866","author":"Asaithambi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (2022, December 30). Final List of Critical Minerals 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/policies\/15271-final-list-of-critical-minerals-2022."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2015.05.003","article-title":"Enhanced performance of g-C3N4\/TiO2 photocatalysts for degradation of organic pollutants under visible light","volume":"23","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Sun, X., Chen, Q., Liu, Y., Lou, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Li, Y., and Guan, J. (2022). Photocatalytic Applications of g-C3N4 Based on Bibliometric Analysis. Catalysts, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12091017"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2021.120903","article-title":"V2O5 nanodot-decorated laminar C3N4 for sustainable photodegradation of amoxicillin under solar light","volume":"303","author":"Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.103896","article-title":"A review on TiO2\/g-C3N4 visible-light- responsive photocatalysts for sustainable energy generation and environmental remediation","volume":"8","author":"Acharya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobkeatthawin, T., Chaveanghong, S., Trakulmututa, J., Amornsakchai, T., Kajitvichyanukul, P., and Smith, S.M. (2022). Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2\/g-C3N4 Nanocomposites for Removal of Monochlorophenols from Water. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12162852"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s42765-021-00122-7","article-title":"High-Efficiency g-C3N4 Based Photocatalysts for CO2 Reduction: Modification Methods","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Fiber Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125091","article-title":"Ultralight biodegradable 3D-g-C3N4 aerogel for advanced oxidation water treatment driven by oxygen delivery channels and triphase interfaces","volume":"288","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.03.006","article-title":"Seed-induced growing various TiO2 nanostructures on g-C3N4 nanosheets with much enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light","volume":"292","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15774","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA02082K","article-title":"Hybridization of brookite TiO2 with g-C3N4: A visible-light-driven photocatalyst for As3+ oxidation, MO degradation and water splitting for hydrogen evolution","volume":"2","author":"Zang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116520","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ac3abc","article-title":"A Simple g-C3N4\/TNTs Heterojunction for Improving the Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange","volume":"168","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2015.12.034","article-title":"Coupled semiconductor nanocomposite g-C3N4\/TiO2 with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity","volume":"76","author":"Mohini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39531","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39531","article-title":"A general nonaqueous sol-gel route to g-C3N4-coupling photocatalysts: The case of Z-scheme g-C3N4\/TiO2 with enhanced photodegradation toward RhB under visible-light","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imbar, A., Vadivel, V.K., and Mamane, H. (2023). Solvothermal Synthesis of g-C3N4\/TiO2 Hybrid Photocatalyst with a Broaden Activation Spectrum. Catalysts, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13010046"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2012.12.014","article-title":"Improved photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4\/TiO2 composites prepared by a simple impregnation method","volume":"253","author":"Miranda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17140","DOI":"10.1021\/ie402820v","article-title":"In situ microwave-assisted synthesis of porous N-TiO2\/g-C3N4 heterojunctions with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic properties","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2020.110128","article-title":"A novel microwave-assisted impregnation method with water as the dispersion medium to synthesize modified g-C3N4\/TiO2 heterojunction photocatalysts","volume":"107","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negrescu, A.M., Killian, M.S., Raghu, S.N.V., Schmuki, P., Mazare, A., and Cimpean, A. (2022). Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Review of Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Effects. J. Funct. Biomater., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13040274"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Raza, G. (2016). Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials, Synthesis, Stability and Mobility in Natural and Synthetic Porous Media. [Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Birmingham]."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-015-9125-7","article-title":"Effect of solvents on ZnO nanostructures synthesized by solvothermal method assisted by microwave radiation: A photocatalytic study","volume":"50","author":"Pimentel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2022\/v34i39A36240","article-title":"Green Chemistry and Microwave Irradiation Technique: A Review","volume":"34","author":"Tiwari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pimentel, A., Samouco, A., Nunes, D., Ara\u00fajo, A., Martins, R., and Fortunato, E. (2017). Ultra-Fast Microwave Synthesis of ZnO Nanorods on Cellulose Substrates for UV Sensor Applications. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10111308"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1039\/C0CC03530K","article-title":"Direct conversion of urea into graphitic carbon nitride over mesoporous TiO2 spheres under mild condition","volume":"47","author":"Zou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20742","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b03129","article-title":"Photocatalytic Performance and Mechanistic Research of ZnO\/g-C3N4 on Degradation of Methyl Orange","volume":"4","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rovisco, A., Morais, M., Branquinho, R., Fortunato, E., Martins, R., and Barquinha, P. (2022). Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Zn2SnO4 Nanostructures for Photodegradation of Rhodamine B under UV and Sunlight. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12122119"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3987","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TC00014D","article-title":"Supporting Information: Direct Z-scheme Sn-In2O3\/In2S3 heterojunction nanostructures for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.5b00411","article-title":"Structural investigation of graphitic carbon nitride via XRD and neutron diffraction","volume":"27","author":"Fina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40327","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA06786K","article-title":"In situ synthesis of g-C3N4\/TiO2 heterostructures with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1572","article-title":"Enhanced photocatalytic degradation activity of Z-scheme heterojunction BiVO4\/Cu\/g-C3N4 under visible light irradiation","volume":"93","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101552","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA19586A","article-title":"Synthesis of g-C3N4 at different temperatures for superior visible\/UV photocatalytic performance and photoelectrochemical sensing of MB solution","volume":"5","author":"Mo","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, J., Zhang, Y., Hussain, M.I., Zhou, W., Chen, Y., and Wang, L.N. (2022). g-C3N4: Properties, Pore Modifications, and Photocatalytic Applications. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12010121"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042003","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7655\/abb782","article-title":"Latest progress in g-C3N4 based heterojunctions for hydrogen production via photocatalytic water splitting: A mini review","volume":"2","author":"Rhimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys Energy"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matias, M.L., Morais, M., Pimentel, A., Vasconcelos, F.X., Reis Machado, A.S., Rodrigues, J., Fortunato, E., Martins, R., and Nunes, D. (2022). Floating TiO2-Cork Nano-Photocatalysts for Water Purification Using Sunlight. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14159645"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.146930","article-title":"TiO2 nanosheet\/ultra-thin layer g-C3N4 core-shell structure: Bifunctional visible-light photocatalyst for H2 evolution and removal of organic pollutants from water","volume":"528","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-019-0349-9","article-title":"Structural evolution of atomically dispersed Pt catalysts dictates reactivity","volume":"18","author":"DeRita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06964","article-title":"Anatase TiO2 single crystals with a large percentage of reactive facets","volume":"453","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-2067(19)63430-3","article-title":"Synergistic effect of Co(II)-hole and Pt-electron cocatalysts for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance of P-doped g-C3N4","volume":"41","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14643","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14643","article-title":"Mass-Controlled Direct Synthesis of Graphene-like Carbon Nitride Nanosheets with Exceptional High Visible Light Activity. Less is Better","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Hang, N.T., Zhang, Z., Yue, H., and Yang, W. (2017). Preparation of g-C3N4\/Graphene Composite for Detecting NO2 at Room Temperature. Nanomaterials, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano7010012"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9023","DOI":"10.1021\/am508505n","article-title":"In-situ-reduced synthesis of Ti3+ self-doped TiO2\/g-C3N4 heterojunctions with high photocatalytic performance under LED light irradiation","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.08.228","article-title":"Fabrication of g-C3N4\/TiO2 heterojunction composite for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production","volume":"46","author":"Kesarla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, J., Qin, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Sun, G., and Zhang, Z. (2017). Solid-state method synthesis of SnO2-decorated g-C3N4 nanocomposites with enhanced gas-sensing property to ethanol. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10060604"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-018-4399-8","article-title":"The synthesis of graphene-TiO2\/g-C3N4 super-thin heterojunctions with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activities","volume":"20","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2013.11.072","article-title":"Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4\/TiO2 films","volume":"417","author":"Boonprakob","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41978","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41978","article-title":"Black TiO2 nanobelts\/g-C3N4 nanosheets Laminated Heterojunctions with Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Performance","volume":"7","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catcom.2022.106480","article-title":"Facile synthesis of a porous 3D g-C3N4 photocatalyst for the degradation of organics in shale gas brines","volume":"169","author":"Hutchings","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catal. Commun."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Kumar, P., Joshi, C., Manchanda, M., Boukherroub, R., and Jain, S.L. (2016). Nickel decorated on phosphorous-doped carbon nitride as an efficient photocatalyst for reduction of nitrobenzenes. Nanomaterials, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano6040059"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2021.313","article-title":"Porous g-C3N4 with defects for the efficient dye photodegradation under visible light","volume":"84","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssc.2021.114573","article-title":"Use and misuse of the Kubelka-Munk function to obtain the band gap energy from diffuse reflectance measurements","volume":"341","author":"Landi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.12.102","article-title":"Tailoring the energy band gap and edges\u2019 potentials of g-C3N4\/TiO2 composite photocatalysts for NOx removal","volume":"310","author":"Giannakopoulou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112808","article-title":"Innovative green\/non-toxic Bi2S3@g-C3N4 nanosheets for dark antimicrobial activity and photocatalytic depollution: Turnover assessment","volume":"226","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11392","DOI":"10.1021\/am403653a","article-title":"In Situ Construction of g-C3N4\/g-C3N4 Metal-Free Heterojunction for Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalysis","volume":"5","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5726","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-018-03266-x","article-title":"Facile synthesis of exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride for photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin under solar irradiation","volume":"54","author":"Pattnaik","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, T., Li, J., Long, F., Fu, F., Zhao, J., Deng, Z., Wang, X., and Zhang, Y. (2017). Ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheet-modified biocl hierarchical flower-like plate heterostructure with enhanced photostability and photocatalytic performance. Crystals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst7090266"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b10770","article-title":"Temperature-Dependent Photoluminescence of g-C3N4: Implication for Temperature Sensing","volume":"8","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12343","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR02905H","article-title":"High-yield synthesis and optical properties of g-C3N4","volume":"7","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86909","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/869094","article-title":"Growth of g-C3N4 layer on commercial TiO2 for enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity","volume":"2014","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, T.H., Chang, Y.H., Chiang, K.P., Wang, J.C., and Wu, M.C. (2021). Nanoscale Multidimensional Pd\/TiO2\/g-C3N4 Catalyst for Efficient Solar-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Catalysts, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal11010059"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings3030153","article-title":"An investigation into W or Nb or ZnFe2O4 Doped Titania nanocomposites deposited from Blended powder targets for UV\/Visible photocatalysis","volume":"3","author":"Farahani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191156","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.191156","article-title":"Irradiation-catalysed degradation of methyl orange using BaF2\u2013TiO2 nanocomposite catalysts prepared by a sol\u2013gel method","volume":"6","author":"Ling","year":"2019","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, F., Bonnet, P., Dangwang Dikdim, J.M., Gatcha Bandjoun, N., Caperaa, C., Dalhatou, S., Kane, A., and Zeghioud, H. (2022). Synthesis and Investigation of TiO2\/g-C3N4 Performance for Photocatalytic Degradation of Bromophenol Blue and Eriochrome Black T: Experimental Design Optimization and Reactive Oxygen Species Contribution. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14203331"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Souza, I.P.A.F., Xu, J., Almeida, V.C., and Asefa, T. (2018). Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitrides Decorated with Cu Nanoparticles: Efficient Photocatalysts for Degradation of Tartrazine Yellow Dye. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8090636"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19589","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA05068A","article-title":"TiO2 mesocrystals built of nanocrystals with exposed {001} facets: Facile synthesis and superior photocatalytic ability","volume":"2","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15095","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201403866","article-title":"Synthesis of {100} Facet Dominant Anatase TiO2 Nanobelts and the Origin of Facet-Dependent Photoreactivity","volume":"20","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. \u2014A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1021\/am302631b","article-title":"High-active anatase TiO2 nanosheets exposed with 95% {100} facets toward efficient H2 evolution and CO2 photoreduction","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.107722","article-title":"Brookite vs. rutile vs. anatase: What\u2019s behind their various photocatalytic activities?","volume":"10","author":"Zerjav","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04043","article-title":"Why is anatase a better photocatalyst than rutile?\u2014Model studies on epitaxial TiO2 films","volume":"4","author":"Luttrell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20382","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CP02201G","article-title":"New understanding of the difference of photocatalytic activity among anatase, rutile and brookite TiO2","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-018-1933-6","article-title":"Hybrid reduced graphene oxide\/TiO2\/graphitic carbon nitride composites with improved photocatalytic activity for organic pollutant degradation","volume":"124","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobkeatthawin, T., Trakulmututa, J., Amornsakchai, T., Kajitvichyanukul, P., and Smith, S.M. (2022). Identification of Active Species in Photodegradation of Aqueous Imidacloprid over g-C3N4\/TiO2 Nanocomposites. Catalysts, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12020120"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1021\/jp209661d","article-title":"Evidence for the active species involved in the photodegradation process of methyl Orange on TiO2","volume":"116","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2020.108146","article-title":"Synthesis of few-layer g-C3N4 nanosheets-coated MoS2\/TiO2 heterojunction photocatalysts for photo-degradation of methyl orange (MO) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) pollutants","volume":"120","author":"Mahalakshmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19234","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b05118","article-title":"Two-Dimensional CaIn2S4\/g-C3N4 Heterojunction Nanocomposite with Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activities: Interfacial Engineering and Mechanism Insight","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1039\/c0ee00743a","article-title":"Heterojunction BiVO4\/WO3 electrodes for enhanced photoactivity of water oxidation","volume":"4","author":"Hong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26162","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA09569A","article-title":"Flat band potential determination: Avoiding the pitfalls","volume":"7","author":"Hankin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69032-9","article-title":"Electronic and optical competence of TiO2\/BiVO4 nanocomposites in the photocatalytic processes","volume":"10","author":"Drisya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.156820","article-title":"Transforming g-C3N4 from amphoteric to n-type semiconductor: The important role of p\/n type on photoelectrochemical cathodic protection","volume":"851","author":"Jing","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100196","DOI":"10.1002\/pssr.202100196","article-title":"Ultrafast Microwave Synthesis of WO3 Nanostructured Films for Solar Photocatalysis","volume":"15","author":"Nunes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi (RRL)\u2014Rapid Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5256","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NJ04606E","article-title":"Single step aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition of p-n Sn(II) oxide-Ti(IV) oxide nanocomposite thin film electrodes for investigation of photoelectrochemical properties","volume":"42","author":"Naeem","year":"2018","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13783","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NJ03376A","article-title":"A facile synthesis method for fabrication of LaFeO3\/g-C3N4 nanocomposite as efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst for photodegradation of RhB and 4-CP","volume":"43","author":"Ismael","year":"2019","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15574","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-020-05120-5","article-title":"Photo-induced synthesis of nanostructured Pt-on-Au\/g-C3N4 composites for visible light photocatalytic hydrogen production","volume":"55","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786759","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/786759","article-title":"(Photo)electrochemical methods for the determination of the band edge positions of TiO2-based nanomaterials","volume":"2011","author":"Beranek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.06.120","article-title":"Influence of TiO2 morphology on the photocatalytic efficiency of direct Z-scheme g-C3N4\/TiO2 photocatalysts for isoniazid degradation","volume":"281","author":"Jo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Duan, J., Zhai, X., Guan, F., Wang, X., Zhang, J., and Hou, B. (2020). Photocatalytic degradation and antibacterial properties of Fe3+-doped alkalized carbon nitride. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10091751"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16883","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cp53131g","article-title":"Enhanced photocatalytic performance of direct Z-scheme g-C3N4-TiO2 photocatalysts for the decomposition of formaldehyde in air","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/jccs.201900135","article-title":"Construction of direct Z-scheme g-C3N4\/TiO2 nanorod composites for promoting photocatalytic activity","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chin. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/11786221221117266","article-title":"Visible-Light-Driven g-C3N4\/TiO2 Based Heterojunction Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes in Wastewater: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Sewnet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Air Soil Water Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c04841","article-title":"TiO2\/g-C3N4 Binary Composite as an Efficient Photocatalyst for Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil and Dye Degradation","volume":"8","author":"Naveed","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/6\/1090\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:57:36Z","timestamp":1760122656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/13\/6\/1090"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nano13061090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano13061090","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]}}}