{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T07:21:22Z","timestamp":1777706482242,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":245,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]],"date-time":"2023-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Erasmus+ International Credit Mobility","award":["2020-1-ES01-KA107-080401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1-ES01-KA107-080401"]}]},{"name":"The Erasmus+ International Credit Mobility","award":["U20A20313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A20313"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","award":["2020-1-ES01-KA107-080401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1-ES01-KA107-080401"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","award":["U20A20313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A20313"]}]},{"name":"The National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["2020-1-ES01-KA107-080401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1-ES01-KA107-080401"]}]},{"name":"The National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["U20A20313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A20313"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional (3D) printed concrete (3DPC), as one of the subset of digital fabrication, has provided a revolution in the construction industry. Accordingly, scientists, experts, and researchers in both academic and industry communities are trying to improve the performance of 3DPC. The mix design of all kinds of concrete has always been the most crucial property to reach the best efficiency. Recently, many studies have been performed to incorporate nano- and micro-scale additives to ameliorate the properties of 3DPC. The current study aims to present the main design properties of 3DPC and completely cover both fresh and hardened state characteristics of 3DPC containing different nano- and micro-additives. Our observations illustrate that nanomaterials can be mainly utilized as a thickener to ameliorate the thixotropic behavior and the structural build-up of 3DPC, resulting in higher yield stress and better viscosity recovery. Furthermore, each nanomaterial, through its unique impact, can provide lower porosity and permeability as well as better mechanical strengths for 3DPC. Although much research investigate the fresh properties of 3DPC containing nano and micro additives, future studies are needed to provide better insight into the impact of these kinds of additives on the hardened characteristics of 3DPC. In addition, researchers may devote more research to address the effects of the additives discussed herein on the performance of other kinds of 3DPC such as lightweight, self-compacting, etc. It should be noted that the effect mechanism of nanomaterials on the inter-layer bond strength of 3DPC is another crucial issue that should be investigated in future studies. Furthermore, nano-scale fillers from source of waste and biomass can be attractive additives for future research to achieve high performance of sustainable 3D-printed concrete.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13091440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T01:35:44Z","timestamp":1682300144000},"page":"1440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Nanomaterials as Promising Additives for High-Performance 3D-Printed Concrete: A Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Razzaghian Ghadikolaee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomaterials Research Centre, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 13114-16846, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronical, Automatic Control Engineering and Applied Physics, ETSIDI, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28012 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7018-4800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Cerro-Prada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronical, Automatic Control Engineering and Applied Physics, ETSIDI, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28012 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Zhu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China"},{"name":"Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2747, Australia"}]},{"given":"Asghar","family":"Habibnejad Korayem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomaterials Research Centre, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 13114-16846, Iran"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.28991\/CEJ-2022-08-08-011","article-title":"Evaluating the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete using novel artificial neural network","volume":"8","author":"Onyelowe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Civ. 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