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polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitors: Veliparib, Rucaparib, and Niraparib. Simple lipid and dual lipid formulations with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1\u2032-glycerol) sodium salt (DPPG) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocoline (DPPC) were developed and tested following the thin-film method. DPPG-encapsulating inhibitors presented the best fit in terms of encapsulation efficiency (&gt;40%, translates into concentrations as high as 100 \u00b5M), zeta potential values (below \u221230 mV), and population distribution (single population profile). The particle size of the main population of interest was ~130 nm in diameter. Kinetic release studies showed that DPPG-encapsulating PARP1 inhibitors present slower drug release rates than liposome control samples, and complex drug release mechanisms were identified. DPPG + Veliparib\/Niraparib presented a combination of diffusion-controlled and non-Fickian diffusion, while anomalous and super case II transport was verified for DPPG + Rucaparib. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that PARP1 inhibitors interact with the DPPG lipid membrane, promoting membrane water displacement from hydration centers. A preferential membrane interaction with lipid carbonyl groups was observed through hydrogen bonding, where the inhibitors\u2019 protonated amine groups may be the major players in the PARP1 inhibitor encapsulation mode.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13101613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T01:05:10Z","timestamp":1683853510000},"page":"1613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Liposome Formulations for the Strategic Delivery of PARP1 Inhibitors: Development and Optimization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5751-9960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlota J. 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