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However, the most efficient photovoltaic cells are processed under high-energy-demanding vacuum conditions. To lower the costs and facilitate high-throughput production, printing\/coating processes are proving to be effective solutions. This work combined printing, coating, and chemical bath deposition processes of photoabsorber, buffer, and transparent conductive layers for the development of solution-processed photovoltaic systems. Using a sustainable approach, all inks were formulated using water and ethanol as solvents. Screen printing of the photoabsorber on fluorine-doped tin-oxide-coated glass followed by selenization, chemical bath deposition of the cadmium sulfide buffer, and final sputtering of the intrinsic zinc oxide and aluminum-doped zinc oxide top conductive layers delivered a 6.6% maximum efficiency solar cell, a record for screen-printed Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells. On the other hand, the all-non-vacuum-processed device with spray-coated intrinsic zinc-oxide- and tin-doped indium oxide top conductive layers delivered a 2.2% efficiency. The given approaches represent relevant steps towards the fabrication of sustainable and efficient Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13131920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T02:40:23Z","timestamp":1687747223000},"page":"1920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Towards All-Non-Vacuum-Processed Photovoltaic Systems: A Water-Based Screen-Printed Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Photoabsorber with a 6.6% Efficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0633-9251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna F.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Physics, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Chemistry, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8018-8653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Virtuoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7403-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeny","family":"Modin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIC nanoGUNE, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain"}]},{"given":"Oleg I.","family":"Lebedev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorie CRISMAT, UMR 6508, CNRS-ENSICAEN, 14050 Caen, France"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Chemistry, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8384-6025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sascha","family":"Sadewasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8194-6014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura M.","family":"Salonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6791-7620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senentxu","family":"Lanceros-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Physics, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV\/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain"},{"name":"Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7493-1762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yury V.","family":"Kolen\u2019ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albalawneh, G., and Ramli, M. 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