{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T11:13:19Z","timestamp":1776337999926,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]],"date-time":"2024-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds from FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds from FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds from FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UI\/BD\/151387\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151387\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UI\/BD\/151387\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151387\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been investigated due to their distinct properties, variety of structures and sizes, and mainly for their antimicrobial activity. They have received a positive safety evaluation from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for packaging applications as transparent ultraviolet (UV) light absorbers based on the absence of significant migration of zinc oxide in particulate form. ZnO NPs with different morphologies (spherical, flower, and sheet) have been synthesized via different sol\u2013gel methods and extensively characterized by several solid-state techniques, namely vibrational spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy\/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM\/EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and nitrogen adsorption\u2013desorption isotherms. The ZnO NPs were assessed for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (gram-negative bacteria) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive bacteria) to study the influence of morphology and size on efficacy. ZnO NPs with different morphologies and sizes demonstrated antimicrobial activity against both bacteria. The highest microbial cell reduction rate (7\u20138 log CFU mL\u22121 for E. coli and 6\u20137 log CFU mL\u22121 for S. aureus) was obtained for the sheet- and spherical-shaped NPs as a result of the high specific surface area. In fact, the higher surface areas of the sheet- and spherical-shaped nanoparticles (18.5 and 13.4 m2 g\u22121, respectively), compared to the flower-shaped NPs (5.3 m2g\u22121), seem to promote more efficient bacterial cell reduction. The spherical-shaped particles were also smaller (31 nm) compared with the flower-shaped (233 \u00d7 249 nm) ones. The flower ZnO NP resulted in a 4\u20135 log CFU mL\u22121 reduction for E. coli and 3\u20134 log CFU mL\u22121 reduction for S. aureus. The lower apparent antibacterial activity of the flower-shaped could be associated with either the lack of defects on the particle core or the shape shielding effect. Compared to S. aureus, E. coli seems to be less resistant to ZnO NPs, which may be explained by the characteristics of its cell membrane. With simple synthesis techniques, which do not allow the size and shape of the nanoparticles to be controlled simultaneously, it is a challenge to elucidate the effect of each of these two parameters on antibacterial performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14070638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T12:01:22Z","timestamp":1712577682000},"page":"638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Optimizing Antimicrobial Efficacy: Investigating the Impact of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Shape and Size"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8555-8518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0986-6607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Granadeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1967-8853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2086-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eul\u00e1lia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6296-5137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6598-6515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Po\u00e7as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINATE, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100270","article-title":"Application of nanotechnology in food packaging: Pros and Cons","volume":"7","author":"Ashfaq","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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