{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T02:57:00Z","timestamp":1769396220118,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]],"date-time":"2024-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are highly attractive for applications in the field of biosensing, particularly for colorimetric nucleic acid detection. Their unique optical properties, which are highly sensitive to changes in their environment, make them ideal candidates for developing simple, rapid, and cost-effective assays. When functionalized with oligonucleotides (Au-nanoprobes), they can undergo aggregation or dispersion in the presence of complementary sequences, leading to distinct color changes that serve as a visual signal for detection. Aggregation-based assays offer significant advantages over other homogeneous assays, such as fluorescence-based methods, namely, label-free protocols, rapid interactions in homogeneous solutions, and detection by the naked eye or using low-cost instruments. Despite promising results, the application of Au-nanoprobe-based colorimetric assays in complex biological matrices faces several challenges. The most significant are related to the colloidal stability and oligonucleotide functionalization of the Au-nanoprobes but also to the mode of detection. The type of functionalization method, type of spacer, the oligo\u2013AuNPs ratio, changes in pH, temperature, or ionic strength influence the Au-nanoprobe colloidal stability and thus the performance of the assay. This review elucidates characteristics of the Au-nanoprobes that are determined for colorimetric gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-based nucleic acid detection, and how they influence the sensitivity and specificity of the colorimetric assay. These characteristics of the assay are fundamental to developing low-cost, robust biomedical sensors that perform effectively in biological fluids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14221833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T05:36:45Z","timestamp":1731908205000},"page":"1833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Gold Nanoprobes for Robust Colorimetric Detection of Nucleic Acid Sequences Related to Disease Diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5429-5874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Enea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE-Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde\/Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1967-8853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE-Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde\/Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5139-2871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2086-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eul\u00e1lia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE-Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde\/Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/01971528008055777","article-title":"Sol particle immunoassay (SPIA)","volume":"1","author":"Leuvering","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. 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