{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T07:50:34Z","timestamp":1778053834243,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["7141-02\/C05-i01.02\/2022.PC644913740-00000022-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7141-02\/C05-i01.02\/2022.PC644913740-00000022-23"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"DRIVOLUTION\u2014Transition to the Factory of the Future","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"DRIVOLUTION\u2014Transition to the Factory of the Future","award":["7141-02\/C05-i01.02\/2022.PC644913740-00000022-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7141-02\/C05-i01.02\/2022.PC644913740-00000022-23"]}]},{"name":"DRIVOLUTION\u2014Transition to the Factory of the Future","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"DRIVOLUTION\u2014Transition to the Factory of the Future","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan\u2014and by the Next Generation EU European Funds","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan\u2014and by the Next Generation EU European Funds","award":["7141-02\/C05-i01.02\/2022.PC644913740-00000022-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7141-02\/C05-i01.02\/2022.PC644913740-00000022-23"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan\u2014and by the Next Generation EU European Funds","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan\u2014and by the Next Generation EU European Funds","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"n\u25e6 7225-ILLIANCE High Performing Energy, Project supported by the RRP-Recovery and Resilience Plan and by the Next Generation EU European Funds","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"n\u25e6 7225-ILLIANCE High Performing Energy, Project supported by the RRP-Recovery and Resilience Plan and by the Next Generation EU European Funds","award":["7141-02\/C05-i01.02\/2022.PC644913740-00000022-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7141-02\/C05-i01.02\/2022.PC644913740-00000022-23"]}]},{"name":"n\u25e6 7225-ILLIANCE High Performing Energy, Project supported by the RRP-Recovery and Resilience Plan and by the Next Generation EU European Funds","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"n\u25e6 7225-ILLIANCE High Performing Energy, Project supported by the RRP-Recovery and Resilience Plan and by the Next Generation EU European Funds","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a novel, eco-friendly synthesis route for zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using cladode extracts of Hylocereus undatus acting simultaneously as reducing and improving agents, in alignment with green chemistry principles. The synthesis involved the reaction of zinc sulfate heptahydrate with the plant extract, with the medium pH adjusted using sodium hydroxide (NaOH), followed by calcination at 300 \u00b0C, 400 \u00b0C, and 500 \u00b0C, and then by a washing step to enhance purity. Comprehensive characterization was performed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electrical impedance spectroscopy to investigate the structural, morphological, and dielectric properties of the nanoparticles. The sample calcined at 400 \u00b0C, followed by washing (HT400W), exhibits highly crystalline ZnO nanoparticles with a predominant wurtzite structure (93.15 wt% ZnO) and minimal impurities (6.85 wt% Na2SO4). SEM analysis indicated a flake-like morphology with nanoscale features (50\u2013100 nm), while Raman spectroscopy confirmed enhanced crystallinity and purity post-washing. Additionally, the HT400W sample exhibited a dielectric constant (\u03b5\u2032) of 16.96 and a low loss tangent (tan \u03b4) of 0.14 at 1 MHz, suggesting superior energy efficiency for high-frequency applications. This green synthesis approach not only eliminates hazardous reagents but also delivers ZnO nanoparticles with good dielectric performance. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the efficacy of a sustainable biotemplate, offering an environmentally friendly approach for synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles with tailored physicochemical properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15130991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T07:55:43Z","timestamp":1751442943000},"page":"991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Novel Green Synthesis Route of ZnO Nanoparticles for Dielectric Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3596-6588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zohra","family":"Benzarti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE)-Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems, Associated Laboratory (ARISE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Multifunctional Materials and Applications (LaMMA), Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Soukra Road km 3.5, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Neiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE)-Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems, Associated Laboratory (ARISE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5539-9766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Faia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, FCTUC, University of Coimbra, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Durit Coatings, Parque Industrial de Taveiro n\u00ba 41 e 42, 3045-508 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3643-4973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE)-Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems, Associated Laboratory (ARISE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Tests, Wear and Materials, IPN-LED & MAT-Instituto Pedro Nunes, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2217-4584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Devesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE)-Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems, Associated Laboratory (ARISE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bas\u00edlio, J.A.J., and Mahendra, D.S. (2024). Colloidal Stability and Dielectric Behavior of Eco-Friendly Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanostructures from Moringa Seeds. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52093-5"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7278","DOI":"10.3390\/ma8115377","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles via Biological Entities","volume":"8","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, F., Shohag, S., Uddin, M.J., Islam, M.R., Nafady, M.H., Akter, A., Mitra, S., Roy, A., Emran, T.B., and Cavalu, S. (2022). Exploring the Journey of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) toward Biomedical Applications. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15062160"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szczyglewska, P., Feliczak-Guzik, A., and Nowak, I. (2023). Nanotechnology\u2013General Aspects: A Chemical Reduction Approach to the Synthesis of Nanoparticles. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28134932"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"100500","article-title":"Recent Advances in Green Synthesized Nanoparticles: From Production to Application","volume":"24","author":"Kazemi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Sustain."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferdous, Z., and Nemmar, A. (2020). Health Impact of Silver Nanoparticles: A Review of the Biodistribution and Toxicity Following Various Routes of Exposure. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072375"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2013.09.020","article-title":"Biosynthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Lactobacillus plantarum VITES07","volume":"112","author":"Selvarajan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2013.10.044","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of Silver Chloride Nanoparticles Using Marine Alga and Its Antibacterial Efficacy","volume":"120","author":"Karthick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403059","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202403059","article-title":"Advanced nanomaterials for cancer therapy: Gold, silver, and iron oxide nanoparticles in oncological applications","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.10.050","article-title":"Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Boerhaavia diffusa Plant Extract and Their Anti Bacterial Activity","volume":"52","author":"Pammi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops. Prod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-024-03995-w","article-title":"A Comparative Study on Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles from H. undatus Fruit Peel and Their Therapeutic Applications","volume":"19","author":"Anguraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Nano"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"080005","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5093888","article-title":"Dielectric Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Annona Muricata Leaf","volume":"Volume 2082","author":"Vindhya","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naiel, B., Fawzy, M., Halmy, M.W.A., and Mahmoud, A.E.D. (2022). Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Sea Lavender (Limonium pruinosum L. Chaz.) Extract: Characterization, Evaluation of Anti-Skin Cancer, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potentials. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24805-2"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.26599\/NBE.2023.9290030","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Punica granatum L. Waste Peel Extract, and Assessment of Antioxidant and Catalytic Activity","volume":"15","author":"Meshkatalsadat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"144","article-title":"Formulating edible films with red pitahaya extract and probiotic","volume":"13","author":"Celik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Foods Raw Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"197","article-title":"Fruits of the pitahaya Hylocereus undatus and H. ocamponis: Nutritional components and antioxidants","volume":"93","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113400","article-title":"Dragon Fruit Farming By-Products as an Important Source of Several Glycosylated Flavonoids","volume":"173","author":"Carrara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.30574\/wjarr.2024.21.1.0093","article-title":"Complete Novel Review on Selenicereus Undatus","volume":"21","author":"Sunitha","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Adv. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2019.104920","article-title":"Diseases of Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Species): Etiology and Current Management Options","volume":"126","author":"Balendres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abirami, K., Swain, S., Baskaran, V., Venkatesan, K., Sakthivel, K., and Bommayasamy, N. (2021). Distinguishing Three Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus spp.) Species Grown in Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India Using Morphological, Biochemical and Molecular Traits. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81682-x"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.05.474","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Hylocereus undatus Fruit Peel Extract against Clinical Pathogens","volume":"48","author":"Vishnupriya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, Y., Lin, C.-G., Chen, W.-L., Huang, Y.-C., Chen, C.-Y., Huang, K.-F., and Yang, C.-H. (2019). Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Wound-Healing Properties of Extracts from Different Parts of Hylocereus polyrhizus. Agronomy, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy9010027"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9950202","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9950202","article-title":"Dielectric Properties of ZnO-Based Nanocomposites and Their Potential Applications","volume":"2021","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2021.413130","article-title":"Structural Characterization, Dielectric Properties and Electrical Conductivity of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Co-Precipitation Route","volume":"616","author":"Belhaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. B Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.06.043","article-title":"Biosynthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Jacaranda mimosifolia Flowers Extract: Synergistic Antibacterial Activity and Molecular Simulated Facet Specific Adsorption Studies","volume":"162","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-022-09470-5","article-title":"Enhancing the Electrical Conductivity and the Dielectric Features of ZnO Nanoparticles through Co Doping Effect for Energy Storage Applications","volume":"34","author":"Saadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelbaky, A.S., Mohamed, A.M.H.A., Sharaky, M., Mohamed, N.A., and Diab, Y.M. (2023). Green Approach for the Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Cymbopogon citratus Aqueous Leaf Extract: Characterization and Evaluation of Their Biological Activities. Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40538-023-00432-5"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saadi, H., Khaldi, O., Pina, J., Costa, T., Seixas de Melo, J.S., Vilarinho, P., and Benzarti, Z. (2024). Effect of Co Doping on the Physical Properties and Organic Pollutant Photodegradation Efficiency of ZnO Nanoparticles for Environmental Applications. Nanomaterials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14010122"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NA00880C","article-title":"ZnO Nanostructured Materials and Their Potential Applications: Progress, Challenges and Perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Raha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"182","article-title":"A Review on Zinc Oxide Composites for Energy Storage Applications: Solar Cells, Batteries, and Supercapacitors","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Compos. Compd."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2021.06.037","article-title":"Nanosized Zinc Oxides-Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion: Batteries and Supercapacitors","volume":"33","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600576715014685","article-title":"Profex: A Graphical User Interface for the Rietveld Refinement Program BGMN","volume":"48","author":"Doebelin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-022-05352-2","article-title":"Polyantimonic Acid-Based Materials Evaluated as Moisture Sensors at Ambient Temperature","volume":"27","author":"Mendes","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neiva, J., Benzarti, Z., Carvalho, S., and Devesa, S. (2024). Green Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles\u2014Structural, Morphological, and Dielectric Characterization. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17235709"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Udensi, J., Loskutova, E., Loughman, J., and Byrne, H.J. (2022). Quantitative Raman Analysis of Carotenoid Protein Complexes in Aqueous Solution. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27154724"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehta, M., Naffa, R., Zhang, W., Schreurs, N.M., Waterland, M., Cooper, S., and Holmes, G. (2021). Validity and Reliability of Raman Spectroscopy for Carotenoid Assessment in Cattle Skin. Biochem. Biophys. Rep., 27.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2021.101036"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2388","article-title":"Cladodes: Chemical and Structural Properties, Biological Activity, and Polyphenols Profile","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-2813-1","article-title":"Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Leaf Extract and Zinc Nitrate Hexahydrate Salt","volume":"2","author":"Barzinjy","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-023-10373-2","article-title":"The Green Approach of ZnO NPs and Its Antioxidant, Hemolytic, and Photocatalytic Activity and Functionalized r-GO-ZnO for Energy Storage Application","volume":"34","author":"Meena","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35828","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Nigella sativa Extract and Its Role as Catalyst in Production of Bio-Oil and Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye","volume":"10","author":"Jamil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1588","article-title":"Spectral Characterization and Anti-Fungal Activity of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Cynodon dactylon Leaf Extract","volume":"6","author":"Heer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arvind. World J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"647","article-title":"Anharmonic Thermal Vibrations in ZnO","volume":"23","author":"Kihara","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1750647","article-title":"The Crystal Structure of Sodium Sulfate III","volume":"8","author":"Frevel","year":"1940","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-018-2494-6","article-title":"Electrical Conductivity and Dielectric Analysis of NaH2PO4 Compound","volume":"24","author":"Rhimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1154\/1.2179804","article-title":"R Factors in Rietveld Analysis: How Good Is Good Enough?","volume":"21","author":"Toby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Powder Diffr."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Zhang, J. (2014). Manufacture of Graded Ceramic Matrix Composites Using Infiltration Techniques. Advances in Ceramic Matrix Composites, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pieczara, G., Manecki, M., Rzepa, G., Borkiewicz, O., and Gawe\u0142, A. (2020). Thermal Stability and Decomposition Products of P\u2013Doped Ferrihydrite. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13184113"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2020.114830","article-title":"Williamson-hall analysis in estimation of crystallite size and lattice strain in Bi1.34Fe0.66NO6.35 prepared by the sol-gel method","volume":"263","author":"Devesa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solidstatesciences.2010.11.024","article-title":"X-ray analysis of ZnO nanoparticles by Williamson\u2013Hall and size\u2013strain plot methods","volume":"13","author":"Zak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Solid State Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.08.264","article-title":"Influence of (Co+Al) Co\u2212doping on Structural, Micro-Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of Nanostructured Zinc Oxide","volume":"50","author":"Hajer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.6148","article-title":"Polarized and Non-polarized Raman Spectroscopy of ZnO Crystals: Method for Determination of Crystal Growth and Crystal Plane Orientation for Nanomaterials","volume":"52","author":"Thyr","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.5550","article-title":"The Raman Spectra of the Na2SO4-K2SO4 System: Applicability to Soluble Salts Studies in Built Heritage","volume":"50","author":"Veneranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"53","article-title":"A Critical Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties and Biomedical Applications","volume":"3","author":"Dey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intell. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.07.308","article-title":"Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Abutilon indicum and Tectona grandis Leaf Extracts for Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Inflammatory and in-Vitro Cytotoxicity Activities","volume":"48","author":"Eswari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.05.504","article-title":"Green synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles by Punica granatum peel extract","volume":"36","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, W., Ahn, J.C., Boopathi, V., Arunkumar, L., Rupa, E.J., Akter, R., Kong, B.M., Lee, G.S., Yang, D.C., and Kang, S.C. (2021). Enhanced Antiobesity Efficacy of Tryptophan Using the Nanoformulation of Dendropanax morbifera Extract Mediated with ZnO Nanoparticle. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14040824"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-017-0553-3","article-title":"Effect of Temperature on the Morphology of ZnO Nanoparticles: A Comparative Study","volume":"7","author":"Kamila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, Y., Selvanathan, V., Tey, L.-H., Akhtaruzzaman, M., Anur, F., Djearamane, S., Watanabe, A., and Aminuzzaman, M. (2022). Effect of Calcination Temperature on Structural, Morphological and Optical Properties of Copper Oxide Nanostructures Derived from Garcinia mangostana L. Leaf Extract. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12203589"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farooqi, M.A., Bae, S., Kim, S., Bae, S., Kausar, F., Farooqi, H.M.U., Kim, J., Park, H., and Kang, C.U. (2024). Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Bioactive Silver Nanoparticles from Black Roasted Gram (Cicer arietinum) for Biomedical Applications. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72356-5"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03323","article-title":"Green synthesis of Copper Oxide\/Carbon nanocomposites using the leaf extract of Adhatoda vasica Nees, their characterization and antimicrobial activity","volume":"6","author":"Bhavyasree","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, S., Desai, R., Patel, B., Ali, D., Dawane, V., Gadhvi, K., Sharma, P., Kumar, A., and Patel, A. (2023). Phytonanofabrication of Iron Oxide Particles from the Acacia jacquemontii Plant and Their Potential Application for the Removal of Brilliant Green and Congo Red Dye from Wastewater. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1319927"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.06.233","article-title":"Growth Rate Effect on the Dielectric Properties of FeNbO4 Fibres Processed by the Laser Floating Zone Technique","volume":"50","author":"Devesa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.10.466","article-title":"Morphological Impact on the Supercapacitive Performance of Nanostructured ZnO Electrodes","volume":"51","author":"Toloman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva, G.M.G., Faia, P.M., Mendes, S.R., and Ara\u00fajo, E.S. (2024). A Review of Impedance Spectroscopy Technique: Applications, Modelling, and Case Study of Relative Humidity Sensors Development. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14135754"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devesa, S., Amorim, C.O., Belo, J.H., Ara\u00fajo, J.P., Teixeira, S.S., Gra\u00e7a, M.P.F., and Costa, L.C. (2024). Comprehensive Characterization of Bi1.34Fe0.66Nb1.34O6.35 Ceramics: Structural, Morphological, Electrical, and Magnetic Properties. Magnetochemistry, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/magnetochemistry10100079"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devesa, S., Gra\u00e7a, M.P.F., Pereira, W.O., Santos, G.L., da Silva Neto, J.F., Amaral, F.M.B., Hammami, I., Mendes, F., and Mac\u00eado, A.A.M. (2024). Dielectric Characterization of Solutions of Galactomannan Extracted from Adenanthera pavonina L.: Effects of Purification and Ethanol Concentration. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16111476"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.02.027","article-title":"Impedance Spectroscopy and Mechanical Response of Porous Nanophase Hydroxyapatite\u2013Barium Titanate Composite","volume":"63","author":"Dubey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3390\/micro2040036","article-title":"Dielectric Behaviour and Electrical Conductivity of \u03b1-BiNbO4 and \u03b2-BiNbO4 Ceramics","volume":"2","author":"Devesa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Micro"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8065","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-022-07957-9","article-title":"Electrical Conductivity Improvement of (Fe + Al) Co-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles for Optoelectronic Applications","volume":"33","author":"Saadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-018-2370-2","article-title":"XRD Analysis, Raman, AC Conductivity and Dielectric Properties of Co and Mn Co-Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles","volume":"125","author":"Bhakta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2012.08.005","article-title":"Low Temperature Dielectric Studies of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles Prepared by Precipitation Method","volume":"24","author":"Lanje","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-023-10160-z","article-title":"Surface Morphology, Structure, and Dielectric Relaxation Investigations of ZnO\/Iron Nanostructures","volume":"34","author":"Taha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-021-05610-5","article-title":"Oxygen Vacancies Induced Room Temperature Ferromagnetism and Enhanced Dielectric Properties in Co and Mn Co-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles","volume":"32","author":"Zulfiqar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s12648-012-0182-3","article-title":"Structural and Dielectric Properties of Fe Doped ZnO Nanoparticles","volume":"87","author":"Dinesha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Phys."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/15\/13\/991\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:59:00Z","timestamp":1760032740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/15\/13\/991"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nano15130991"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano15130991","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]}}}