{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T05:05:44Z","timestamp":1775797544093,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MECI","award":["UID\/00511\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00511\/2025"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MECI","award":["UID\/PRR\/00511\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/PRR\/00511\/2025"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MECI","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/04293\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04293\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["2023.11891.PEX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.11891.PEX"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["2024.12587.UTA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.12587.UTA"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2022.10443.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.10443.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer remains a major global health challenge, and the limitations of conventional therapies have intensified interest in treatment strategies that combine improved selectivity with reduced systemic toxicity. Photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy have emerged as minimally invasive approaches capable of achieving spatiotemporally controlled tumour ablation. In this context, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a transition metal dichalcogenide with strong near-infrared absorption, high photothermal conversion efficiency, and versatile surface chemistry, has gained increasing attention as a multifunctional platform for drug delivery and light-triggered cancer therapy. This review examines recent advances in engineered MoS2 nanoplatforms for drug-enhanced cancer phototherapy, with emphasis on how surface design and therapeutic cargoes mechanistically amplify light-triggered tumour killing. Approaches such as polymer coatings, biomimetic membranes, targeting ligands, chemotherapeutic agents, nucleic acids, and photosensitisers have been explored to improve colloidal stability, tumour targeting, immune evasion, and stimulus-responsive drug release, while also adding complementary cytotoxic pathways such as chemotherapy, ROS generation, or gene silencing. Available in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that these systems generally exhibit favourable short-term biocompatibility under the tested conditions and can produce significant antitumour effects following irradiation. The review also discusses key biological barriers and translational challenges, including biodistribution, long-term safety, reproducibility, and regulatory considerations, highlighting opportunities for the development of clinically viable MoS2-based phototherapeutic platforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16080445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T09:49:44Z","timestamp":1775641784000},"page":"445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Engineered MoS2 Nanoplatforms for Drug-Enhanced Cancer Phototherapy: From Design Strategies to Translational Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0117-5389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Tavares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Carolina","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8835-000X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4447-4473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fern\u00e3o D.","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8184-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur M.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-23-0411","article-title":"Updating the Definition of Cancer","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. 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