{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T20:31:23Z","timestamp":1776976283501,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,18]],"date-time":"2017-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although paraquat has been banned in European countries, this herbicide is still used all over the world, thanks to its low-cost, high-efficiency, and fast action. Because paraquat is highly toxic to humans and animals, there is interest in mitigating the consequences of its use, namely by implementing removal procedures capable of curbing its environmental and health risks. This research describes new magnetic nanosorbents composed of magnetite cores functionalized with bio-hybrid siliceous shells, that can be used to uptake paraquat from water using magnetically-assisted procedures. The biopolymers \u03ba-carrageenan and starch were introduced into the siliceous shells, resulting in two hybrid materials, Fe3O4@SiO2\/SiCRG and Fe3O4@SiO2\/SiStarch, respectively, that exhibit a distinct surface chemistry. The Fe3O4@SiO2\/SiCRG biosorbents displayed a superior paraquat removal performance, with a good fitting to the Langmuir and Toth isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of paraquat for Fe3O4@SiO2\/SiCRG biosorbents was 257 mg\u00b7g\u22121, which places this sorbent among the best systems for the removal of this herbicide from water. The interesting performance of the \u03ba-carrageenan hybrid, along with its magnetic properties and good regeneration capacity, presents a very efficient way for the remediation of water contaminated with paraquat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano7030068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,20]],"date-time":"2017-03-20T11:39:09Z","timestamp":1490009949000},"page":"68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Magnetic Hybrid Nanosorbents for the Uptake of Paraquat from Water"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1297-7057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3172-5437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5456-7243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tito","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6581-8880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Daniel-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.6b00303","article-title":"Pesticide chemical research in toxicology: Lessons from nature","volume":"30","author":"Casida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunther, F.A. (1974). Residue Reviews: Residues of Pesticides and Other Contaminants in the Total Environment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-8504-6"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/152873902753338572","article-title":"Sources, pathways, and relative risks of contaminants in surface water and groundwater: A perspective prepared for the walkerton inquiry","volume":"65","author":"Ritter","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2004.08.023","article-title":"Application of internal quality control to the analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds in surface and groundwater from andalusia (Spain) by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry","volume":"1050","author":"Vidal","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1080\/03601230600701635","article-title":"Paraquat adsorption, degradation, and remobilization in tropical soils of thailand","volume":"41","author":"Amondham","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3993-2","article-title":"Assessment of occurrence and concentrations of paraquat dichloride in water, sediments and fish from Warri River Basin, Niger Delta, Nigeria","volume":"22","author":"Ikpesu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2009.02.019","article-title":"Effect of organic matter and iron oxides on quaternary herbicide sorption-desorption in vineyard-devoted soils","volume":"333","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.06.008","article-title":"Adsorption of paraquat herbicide on deposits from drinking water networks","volume":"229","author":"Santos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-012-0283-6","article-title":"Paraquat poisonings in France during the european ban: Experience of the poison control center in marseille","volume":"9","author":"Merigot","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/02772248.2012.761999","article-title":"A review on environmental exposure and health risks of herbicide paraquat","volume":"95","author":"Tsai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2015.161","article-title":"Multifactorial theory applied to the neurotoxicity of paraquat and paraquat-induced mechanisms of developing Parkinson\u2018s disease","volume":"96","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13090881","article-title":"Environmental exposures and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Nandipati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Hodgeson, J.W., Bashe, W.J., and Eichelberger, J.W. (1997). Determination of Diquat and Paraquat in Drinking Water by Liquid-Solid Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection, EPA. Revision 1.0."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reemtsma, T., and Jekel, M. (2006). Organic Pollutants in the Water Cycle: Properties, Occurrence, Analysis and Environmental Relevance of Polar Compounds, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/352760877X"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.12.027","article-title":"Nanosponge cyclodextrin polyurethanes and their modification with nanomaterials for the removal of pollutants from waste water: A review","volume":"159","author":"Taka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2011.09.106","article-title":"Paraquat removal from water by oxidation with Fenton\u2018s reagent","volume":"175","author":"Santos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.12.026","article-title":"Treatment of water networks (waters and deposits) contaminated with chlorfenvinphos by oxidation with Fenton\u2019s reagent","volume":"241","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marien, C.B.D., Marchal, C., Koch, A., Robert, D., and Drogui, P. (2016). Sol-gel synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles: Effect of pluronic p123 on particle\u2019s morphology and photocatalytic degradation of paraquat. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7681-2"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19766","DOI":"10.1021\/am504922v","article-title":"EDTA-induced self-assembly of 3D graphene and its superior adsorption ability for paraquat using a teabag","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43873","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA05785J","article-title":"Magnetic Co-Fe bimetallic nanoparticle containing modifiable microgels for the removal of heavy metal ions, organic dyes and herbicides from aqueous media","volume":"5","author":"Ajmal","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.6b00026","article-title":"Surface activated hydrothermal carbon-coated electrospun PAN fiber membrane with enhanced adsorption properties for herbicide","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2009.09.013","article-title":"Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems","volume":"156","author":"Foo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2015.07.001","article-title":"Magnetic adsorbents for the treatment of water\/wastewater\u2014A review","volume":"7","author":"Mehta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6695","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA11423J","article-title":"Magnetic adsorbents based on micro- and nano-structured materials","volume":"5","author":"Kharissova","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-012-1092-x","article-title":"Use of biopolymeric membranes for adsorption of paraquat herbicide from water","volume":"223","author":"Cocenza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2010.01.087","article-title":"Silica coated magnetite particles for magnetic removal of Hg2+ from water","volume":"345","author":"Girginova","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8134","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta10914c","article-title":"Efficient sorbents based on magnetite coated with siliceous hybrid shells for removal of mercury ions","volume":"1","author":"Tavares","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.06.015","article-title":"Unusual dye adsorption behavior of \u03ba-carrageenan coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles","volume":"229","author":"Salgueiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5963","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-1615-z","article-title":"Core\u2013shell magnetite-silica dithiocarbamate-derivatised particles achieve the Water Framework Directive quality criteria for mercury in surface waters","volume":"20","author":"Lopes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8274","DOI":"10.1021\/am5010865","article-title":"Ferromagnetic sorbents based on nickel nanowires for efficient uptake of mercury from water","volume":"6","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.201500170","article-title":"Uptake of Europium(III) from Water using Magnetite Nanoparticles","volume":"33","author":"Carvalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Part. Part. Syst. Charact."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-015-3108-0","article-title":"Carrageenan-grafted magnetite nanoparticles as recyclable sorbents for dye removal","volume":"17","author":"Salgueiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.05.079","article-title":"Hybrid nanoadsorbents for the magnetically assisted removal of metoprolol from water","volume":"302","author":"Soares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-017-3281-0","article-title":"Highly efficient removal of dye from water using magnetiuc carrageenan\/silica hybrid nano-adsorbents","volume":"228","author":"Soares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TB01189A","article-title":"Magnetic chelating nanoprobes for enrichment and selective recovery of metalloproteases from human saliva","volume":"3","author":"Vitorino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Joint Committee for Powder Diffraction Studies, JCPDS, Card No. 19-0629."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4588","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.201500450","article-title":"Carrageenan\u2013silica hybrid nanoparticles prepared by a non-emulsion method","volume":"2015","author":"Soares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.99.1727","article-title":"Infrared spectra of ferrites","volume":"99","author":"Waldron","year":"1955","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2008.06.034","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of iron oxides using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry","volume":"50","author":"Namduri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3912","DOI":"10.1021\/jf011652p","article-title":"Characterization of irradiated starches by using FT-Raman and FTIR spectroscopy","volume":"50","author":"Kizil","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-0344(03)00058-3","article-title":"Use of FTIR, FT-Raman and 13C-NMR spectroscopy for identification of some seaweed phycocolloids","volume":"20","author":"Pereira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2011.02.009","article-title":"FTIR-ATR spectroscopy as a tool for polysaccharide identification in edible brown and red seaweeds","volume":"25","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Hydrocolloids"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/537202","article-title":"Analysis by vibrational spectroscopy of seaweed polysaccharides with potential use in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries","volume":"2013","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Carbohydr. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Rocha-Santos, T., and Duarte, A.C. (2014). Analysis of Marine Samples in Search of Bioactive Compounds, Elsevier Science."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.38.1255","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the effect of disorder-induced mode coupling on infrared absorption in silica","volume":"38","author":"Kirk","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4405","DOI":"10.1021\/ma951386e","article-title":"Hydrogen-bonding properties of segmented polyether poly(urethane urea) copolymer","volume":"30","author":"Ning","year":"1997","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2003.07.015","article-title":"High-frequency FTIR absorption of SiO2\/Si nanowires","volume":"378","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-7208(99)00063-7","article-title":"The colours of charge-transfer complexes of methyl viologen: effects of donor, ionic strength and solvent","volume":"43","author":"Monk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dyes Pigm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5523","DOI":"10.1021\/jp034099i","article-title":"New Quasi-solid materials as a medium for photochemical reactions","volume":"107","author":"Suzuki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200406051","article-title":"Complexation between low-molecular-weight cationic ligands and negatively charged polymers as studied by capillary electrophoresis frontal analysis","volume":"25","author":"Khanbolouki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Lagergren, S. (1889). Zur theorie der sogenannten adsorption gel\u00f6ster stoffe. Kungliga svenska vetenskapsakademiens. Handlingar, 1\u201339."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(98)00112-5","article-title":"Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes","volume":"34","author":"Ho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1980.03615995004400020013x","article-title":"Application of Elovich equation to the kinetics of phosphate release and sorption in soils","volume":"44","author":"Chien","year":"1980","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gautam, R.K., and Chattopadhyaya, M.C. (2016). Nanomaterials for Wastewater Remediation, Elsevier Science.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315368108"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Krieger, R. (2010). Hayes\u2019 Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Academic Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-198206000-00004","article-title":"Binding of diquat and paraquat to humic acid in aquatic environments","volume":"133","author":"Narine","year":"1982","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergmann, C.P., and Machado, F.M. (2015). Carbon Nanomaterials as Adsorbents for Environmental and Biological Applications, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18875-1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1021\/ja02242a004","article-title":"The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum","volume":"40","author":"Langmuir","year":"1918","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"385","article-title":"\u00dcber die adsorption in l\u00f6sungen","volume":"57","author":"Freundlich","year":"1906","journal-title":"Z. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1746922","article-title":"On the structure of a catalyst surface","volume":"16","author":"Sips","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"311","article-title":"State equations of the solid gas interface layer","volume":"69","author":"Toth","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta Chem. Acad. Hung."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(03)00030-0","article-title":"A general model for biosorption of Cd2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ by aerobic granules","volume":"102","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"4","article-title":"The possible effects of the aggregation of the molecules of haemoglobin on its dissociation curves","volume":"40","author":"Hill","year":"1910","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2004.03.019","article-title":"Selection of optimum sorption isotherm","volume":"42","author":"Ho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.01.053","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of modified carrageenan microparticles for the removal of pharmaceuticals from aqueous solutions","volume":"127","author":"Nanaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jct.2013.09.013","article-title":"Considerations about the correct evaluation of sorption thermodynamic parameters from equilibrium isotherms","volume":"68","author":"Salvestrini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.02.058","article-title":"Study of the removal of paraquat from aqueous solution by biosorption onto Ayous (Triplochiton schleroxylon) sawdust","volume":"179","author":"Dedzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/apj.1872","article-title":"Adsorption behavior of herbicide paraquat from aqueous solutions using starfish particles: Kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies","volume":"10","author":"Hao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00657452","article-title":"Interaction of sodium and potassium ions with \u03ba-carrageenan","volume":"269","author":"Yuryev","year":"1991","journal-title":"Colloid Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"441","article-title":"Removal of paraquat from water by an algerian bentonite","volume":"83\u201384","author":"Derdour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.06.144","article-title":"Preparation of methacrylic acid-modified rice husk improved by an experimental design and application for paraquat adsorption","volume":"171","author":"Hsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2013.311","article-title":"Paraquat adsorption on porous materials synthesized from rice husk silica","volume":"68","author":"Rongchapo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2004.04.011","article-title":"Adsorption of paraquat dichloride from aqueous solution by activated carbon derived from used tires","volume":"112","author":"Hamadi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/80.2.388","article-title":"Spectrophotometric method for determination of paraquat in food and biological samples","volume":"80","author":"Kesari","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(97)00136-7","article-title":"A sensitive determination of paraquat by spectrophotometry","volume":"45","author":"Rai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1039\/an9911600391","article-title":"Spectrophotometric method for the determination of paraquat in water, grain and plant materials","volume":"116","author":"Shivhare","year":"1991","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2670(82)80030-0","article-title":"Fluorescence quenching of 1-naphthylamine by paraquat","volume":"19","author":"Cosa","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Photochem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(00)82816-0","article-title":"Determination of paraquat by flow-injection spectrophotometry","volume":"199","author":"Guijarro","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2008.01.050","article-title":"A multicommuted flow system with solenoid micro-pumps for paraquat determination in natural waters","volume":"75","author":"Infante","year":"2008","journal-title":"Talanta"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/7\/3\/68\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:30:45Z","timestamp":1760207445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/7\/3\/68"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,18]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nano7030068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano7030068","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,18]]}}}