{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T03:23:55Z","timestamp":1771125835015,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,31]],"date-time":"2017-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UTAP-ICDT\/CTMNAN\/0025\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UTAP-ICDT\/CTMNAN\/0025\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UID\/CTM\/50011\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CTM\/50011\/2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Graphene-based materials are elective materials for a number of technologies due to their unique properties. Also, semiconductor nanocrystals have been extensively explored due to their size-dependent properties that make them useful for several applications. By coupling both types of materials, new applications are envisaged that explore the synergistic properties in such hybrid nanostructures. This research reports a general wet chemistry method to prepare graphene oxide (GO) sheets decorated with nanophases of semiconductor metal sulfides. This method allows the in situ growth of metal sulfides onto GO by using metal dialkyldithiocarbamate complexes as single-molecule precursors. In particular, the role of GO as heterogeneous substrate for the growth of semiconductor nanocrystals was investigated by using Raman spectroscopic and imaging methods. The method was further extended to other graphene-based materials, which are easily prepared in a larger scale, such as exfoliated graphite oxide (EGO).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano7090245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,31]],"date-time":"2017-08-31T10:54:44Z","timestamp":1504176884000},"page":"245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A General Route for Growing Metal Sulfides onto Graphene Oxide and Exfoliated Graphite Oxide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Joana","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Fateixa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5456-7243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tito","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4744","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500304f","article-title":"Broad family of carbon nanoallotropes: Classification, chemistry, and applications of fullerenes, carbon dots, nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamonds, and combined superstructures","volume":"115","author":"Georgakilas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00232F","article-title":"Sustainable carbon materials","volume":"44","author":"Titirici","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7990","DOI":"10.1021\/jp900360k","article-title":"Electrocatalytically active graphene-platinum nanocomposites. Role of 2-D carbon support in PEM fuel cells","volume":"113","author":"Seger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1021\/nl070133j","article-title":"Intrinsic current\u2013voltage characteristics of graphene nanoribbon transistors and effect of edge doping","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1021\/nl800957b","article-title":"Large reversible Li storage of graphene nanosheet families for use in rechargeable lithium ion batteries","volume":"8","author":"Yoo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3498","DOI":"10.1021\/nl802558y","article-title":"Graphene-based ultracapacitors","volume":"8","author":"Stoller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"343","article-title":"Solid-state materials, including ceramics and minerals","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Reedijk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II: From Elements to Applications"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200901920","article-title":"A facile one-step method to produce graphene-CdS quantum dot nanocomposites as promising optoelectronic materials","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-010-0046-0","article-title":"One-step, solvothermal synthesis of graphene-CdS and graphene-ZnS quantum dot nanocomposites and their interesting photovoltaic properties","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2010.07.058","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of graphene\/CdS nanocomposites","volume":"257","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23501","DOI":"10.1021\/jp208661n","article-title":"Assembly of CdS nanoparticles on the two-dimensional graphene scaffold as visible-light-driven photocatalyst for selective organic transformation under ambient conditions","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10878","DOI":"10.1021\/ja2025454","article-title":"Highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production of CdS-cluster-decorated graphene nanosheets","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.06.087","article-title":"One step synthesis and characterization of CdS nanorod\/graphene nanosheet composite","volume":"257","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.10.075","article-title":"Graphene-CdS composite, synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic activity","volume":"258","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1039\/c2nj40301c","article-title":"CdS\u2013Graphene nanocomposite: Synthesis, adsorption kinetics and high photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation","volume":"36","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325605","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/23\/32\/325605","article-title":"Growth of CdS nanocrystallites on graphene oxide Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers","volume":"23","author":"Narayanam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2012.10.037","article-title":"Solvothermal synthesis of graphene-CdS nanocomposites for highly efficient visible-light photocatalyst","volume":"551","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, P., Liu, J., Delai, D., and Ng, W. (2013). Graphene oxide-CdS composite with high photocatalytic degradation and disinfection activities under visible light irradiation. J. Hazard. Mater., 250\u2013420.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.02.003"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2013.02.026","article-title":"CdS-graphene nanocomposites as visible light photocatalyst for redox reactions in water: A green route for selective transformation and environmental remediation","volume":"303","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-9-148","article-title":"Graphene-enhanced visible-light photocatalysis of large-sized CdS particles for wastewater treatment","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.1039\/C3NR06093D","article-title":"Bi2S3 microspheres grown on graphene sheets as low-cost counter-electrode materials for dye- sensitized solar cells","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18886","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b04195","article-title":"Quasi core\/shell lead sulfide\/graphene quantum dots for bulk heterojunction solar cells","volume":"119","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7382","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.5b00008","article-title":"Supercritical synthesis and characterization of \u201cgraphene-PbS quantum dots\u201d composite with enhanced photovoltaic properties","volume":"54","author":"Tayyebi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1039\/C2JM15624E","article-title":"High quality graphene oxide-CdS-Pt nanocomposites for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2015.09.034","article-title":"A general method for the synthesis of graphene oxide-metal sulfide composites with improved photocatalytic activities","volume":"125","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dyes Pigment."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5330","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA00009A","article-title":"Revisiting the construction of graphene-CdS nanocomposites as efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts for selective organic transformation","volume":"2","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.201402056","article-title":"Decoration of carbon nanostructures with metal sulfides by sonolysis of single-molecule precursors","volume":"2014","author":"Estrada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1021\/cm011257e","article-title":"The synthesis of SiO2@CdS nanocomposites using single-molecule precursors","volume":"14","author":"Monteiro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharon, M., and Sharon, M. (2015). Graphene: An Introduction to the Fundamentals and Industrial Applications, Wiley-Scrivener. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118842577"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s12039-009-0012-0","article-title":"A X-ray diffraction analysis on graphene layers of assam coal","volume":"121","author":"Saikia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465603","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/21\/46\/465603","article-title":"Facile covalent immobilization of cadmium sulfide quantum dots on graphene oxide nanosheets: Preparation, characterization, and optical properties","volume":"21","author":"Pham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2012.02.058","article-title":"Reduced graphene oxide\/CdS for Efficiently photocatalystic degradation of methylene blue","volume":"524","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2007.451","article-title":"Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17667","DOI":"10.1021\/ja1078943","article-title":"Graphene oxide nanocolloids","volume":"132","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.05.070","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of graphene oxide\/zinc oxide nanorods hybrid","volume":"257","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2009.11.034","article-title":"Solvothermal synthesis and characterization of sandwich-like graphene\/ZnO nanocomposites","volume":"256","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2009.07.045","article-title":"Size-controlled synthesis of graphene oxide sheets on a large scale using chemical exfoliation","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00331535","article-title":"Quantum crystallites and nonlinear optics","volume":"53","author":"Brus","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.19930050204","article-title":"Quantized semiconductor particles: A novel state of matter for materials science","volume":"5","author":"Weller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4380","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.200800110","article-title":"From single-molecule precursors to coupled Ag2S\/TiO2 nanocomposites","volume":"2008","author":"Neves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2013.46","article-title":"Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of grapheme","volume":"8","author":"Ferrari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1021\/nl904286r","article-title":"Perspectives on carbon nanotubes and graphene Raman spectroscopy","volume":"10","author":"Dresselhaus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2010.10.007","article-title":"Significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance of ZnO via graphene hybridization and the mechanism study","volume":"101","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"083002","article-title":"Raman characterization of defects and dopants in graphene","volume":"27","author":"Beams","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28987","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA02817A","article-title":"Graphene\u2019s potential in materials science and engineering","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19812","DOI":"10.1021\/jp905456f","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of Titania-Graphene nanocomposites","volume":"113","author":"Lambert","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.1021\/nl400917e","article-title":"Intrinsic line shape of the raman 2D-mode in freestanding graphene monolayers","volume":"13","author":"Berciaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progsolidstchem.2005.11.033","article-title":"Optimised hydrothermal synthesis of multi-dimensional hybrid coordination polymers containing flexible organic ligands","volume":"33","author":"Paz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2016.04.016","article-title":"N-doped carbon quantum dots\/TiO2 composite with improved photocatalytic activity","volume":"193","author":"Martins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200902066","article-title":"High-concentration solvent exfoliation of graphene","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/7\/9\/245\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:43:47Z","timestamp":1760208227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/7\/9\/245"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,31]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nano7090245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano7090245","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,31]]}}}