{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T07:36:09Z","timestamp":1765438569346,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007688, SFRH\/BD\/131836\/2017, SFRH\/BD\/122286\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007688, SFRH\/BD\/131836\/2017, SFRH\/BD\/122286\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Community\u2019s H2020 program","award":["No. 716510 (ERC-2016-STG TREND), No. 685758 (1D-Neon)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 716510 (ERC-2016-STG TREND), No. 685758 (1D-Neon)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>ZnSnO3 semiconductor nanostructures have several applications as photocatalysis, gas sensors, and energy harvesting. However, due to its multicomponent nature, the synthesis is far more complex than its binary counter parts. The complexity increases even more when aiming for low-cost and low-temperature processes as in hydrothermal methods. Knowing in detail the influence of all the parameters involved in these processes is imperative, in order to properly control the synthesis to achieve the desired final product. Thus, this paper presents a study of the influence of the physical parameters involved in the hydrothermal synthesis of ZnSnO3 nanowires, namely volume, reaction time, and process temperature. Based on this study a growth mechanism for the complex Zn:Sn:O system is proposed. Two zinc precursors, zinc chloride and zinc acetate, were studied, showing that although the growth mechanism is inherent to the material itself, the chemical reactions for different conditions need to be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9071002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T11:28:28Z","timestamp":1562844508000},"page":"1002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Growth Mechanism of Seed-Layer Free ZnSnO3 Nanowires: Effect of Physical Parameters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6240-3743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Rovisco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N\/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP\/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9771-8366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Branquinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N\/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP\/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5705-4331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N\/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP\/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Fortunato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N\/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP\/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1997-7669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N\/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP\/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5446-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Barquinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N\/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP\/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(07)70078-0","article-title":"ZnO\u2014Nanostructures, defects, and devices","volume":"10","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. 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