{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T14:41:42Z","timestamp":1774449702371,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]],"date-time":"2019-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/MEC-DER\/32610\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MEC-DER\/32610\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/DTP\/04567\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/DTP\/04567\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/DTP\/04567\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/DTP\/04567\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of functional excipients such as ionic liquids (ILs) and the encapsulation of drugs into nanocarriers are useful strategies to overcome poor drug solubility. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of IL-polymer nanoparticle hybrid systems as tools to deliver poorly soluble drugs. These systems were obtained using a methodology previously developed by our group and improved herein to produce IL-polymer nanoparticle hybrid systems. Two different choline-based ILs and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) 50:50 or PLGA 75:25 were used to load rutin into the delivery system. The resulting rutin-loaded IL-polymer nanoparticle hybrid systems presented a diameter of 250\u2013300 nm, with a low polydispersity index and a zeta potential of about \u221240 mV. The drug association efficiency ranged from 51% to 76%, which represents a good achievement considering the poor solubility of rutin. No significant particle aggregation was obtained upon freeze-drying. The presence of the IL in the nanosystem does not affect its sustained release properties, achieving about 85% of rutin released after 72 h. The cytotoxicity studies showed that the delivery system was not toxic to HaCat cells. Our findings may open a new paradigm on the therapy improvement of diseases treated with poorly soluble drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9081148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]],"date-time":"2019-08-12T06:38:02Z","timestamp":1565591882000},"page":"1148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Ionic Liquid-Polymer Nanoparticle Hybrid Systems as New Tools to Deliver Poorly Soluble Drugs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3129-6495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"J\u00falio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Universidade Lus\u00f3fona Research Center for Biosciences &amp; Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749\u2013024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcal\u00e1, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Caparica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Universidade Lus\u00f3fona Research Center for Biosciences &amp; Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749\u2013024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcal\u00e1, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Sofia A.","family":"Costa Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences\u2014Applied Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Universidade Lus\u00f3fona Research Center for Biosciences &amp; Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749\u2013024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6429-6213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Universidade Lus\u00f3fona Research Center for Biosciences &amp; Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749\u2013024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Duarte M. F.","family":"Prazeres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Salette","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences\u2014Applied Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5150-9910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Santos de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Universidade Lus\u00f3fona Research Center for Biosciences &amp; Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749\u2013024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1115-9282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Fonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Universidade Lus\u00f3fona Research Center for Biosciences &amp; Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749\u2013024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences\u2014Applied Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadokawa, J. 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