{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T12:20:25Z","timestamp":1769084425131,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030834"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01620\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01620\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IF\/00293\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00293\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PT2020 UID\/QUI\/50006\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT2020 UID\/QUI\/50006\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressant frequently used in the therapy of autoimmune disorders, including skin-related diseases. Aiming towards topical delivery, CsA was successfully incorporated into lipid nanoparticles of Lipocire DM and Pluronic F-127 using the hot homogenization method. Two different nanocarriers were optimized: solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) where oleic acid was the liquid lipid. The developed nanoparticles showed mean sizes around 200 nm, a negative surface charge, and drug entrapment efficiencies around 85% and 70% for SLNs and NLCs, respectively. The spherical CsA-loaded lipid nanoparticles were stable for 9 weeks when stored at room temperature, and exhibited in vitro pH-dependent release under skin mimetic conditions, following the Peppas\u2013Korsmeyer model. CsA, when loaded in SLNs, was safe to be used up to 140 \u03bcg mL\u22121 in fibroblasts and keratinocytes, while CsA-loaded NLCs and free drug exhibited IC50 values of 55 and 95 \u03bcg mL\u22121 (fibroblasts) and 28 and 30 \u03bcg mL\u22121 (keratinocytes), respectively. The developed SLNs were able to retain the drug in pork skin with a reduced permeation rate in relation to NLCs. These findings suggest that SLNs are a potential alternative to produce stable and safe CsA nanocarriers for topical administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9091204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T11:13:30Z","timestamp":1566904410000},"page":"1204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Improved Dermal Delivery of Cyclosporine A Loaded in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Abderrazzaq","family":"Essaghraoui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry (LBMC), Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Abdelkarim Elkhattabi, BP 549 Gu\u00e9liz, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Belfkira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry (LBMC), Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Abdelkarim Elkhattabi, BP 549 Gu\u00e9liz, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Bassou","family":"Hamdaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry (LBMC), Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Abdelkarim Elkhattabi, BP 549 Gu\u00e9liz, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8777-5877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia A. Costa","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Salette","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1304","article-title":"Current status and future potential of transdermal drug delivery","volume":"3","author":"Prausnitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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