{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T10:51:10Z","timestamp":1776768670085,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]],"date-time":"2019-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. In stages III and IV of CKD, uremic toxins must be removed from the patient by absorption, through a treatment commonly called hemodialysis. Aiming to improve the absorption of uremic toxins, we have studied its absorption in chemically modified graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). This study involved the reaction between GNPs and diamines with reaction times of 30, 45 and 60 min using ultrasound waves of different amplitudes and frequencies. Functionalized GNPs were analyzed by Fourier Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersitive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The analysis of the functional groups confirmed the presence of amide and hydroxyl groups on the surface of the GNPs by reactions of diamines with carboxylic acids and epoxides. Adsorption of uremic toxins was determined using equilibrium isotherms, where the maximum percentage of removal of uremic toxins was 97%. Dispersion of modified graphene nanoplatelets was evaluated in water, ethanol and hexane, as a result of this treatment was achieved a good and effective dispersion of diamines-modified graphene nanoplatelets in ethanol and hexane. Finally, the results of hemolysis assays of the modified graphene with amine demonstrated that it was not cytotoxic when using 500 mg\/mL. The samples of modified graphene demonstrated low degree of hemolysis (&lt;2%), so this material can be used for in vivo applications such as hemodialysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9091261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T02:59:22Z","timestamp":1567738762000},"page":"1261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Graphene Nanoplatelets Modified with Amino-Groups by Ultrasonic Radiation of Variable Frequency for Potential Adsorption of Uremic Toxins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Cabello-Alvarado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACYT Research Fellow-Research and Innovation Consortium of the State of Tlaxcala, C.P. 90000 Tlaxcala, Mexico"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Andrade-Guel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Applied Chemistry (CIQA), Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, M\u00e9xico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1276-4230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACYT Research Fellow-Mexican Petroleum Institute, Eje Central L\u00e1zaro C\u00e1rdenas Norte 152, 07730 Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Cadenas-Pliego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Applied Chemistry (CIQA), Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, M\u00e9xico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7822-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dora A.","family":"Cort\u00e9s-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV) Saltillo Unit. Av. Industria Metal\u00fargica #1062 Parque Industrial Saltillo-Ramos Arizpe, 25900 Saltillo, M\u00e9xico"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Bartolo-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV) M\u00e9rida Unit, Km. 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apartado postal 73 Cordemex, M\u00e9rida, 97310 Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2820-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.A.","family":"\u00c1vila-Orta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Applied Chemistry (CIQA), Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, M\u00e9xico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0891-7764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V.J.","family":"Cruz-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACYT Research Fellow- Materials Unit, Yucatan Scientific Research Center, A.C., 97205 M\u00e9rida, M\u00e9xico"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Zepeda-Pedreguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous University of Yucatan(UADY), M\u00e9rida, 97310 Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60178-5","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease","volume":"379","author":"Levey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"242","article-title":"Comparison of serum uric acid levels between prostate cancer patients and a control group","volume":"71","author":"Benli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cent. 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