{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T15:06:10Z","timestamp":1761663970501,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/Multi\/04378\/2019","UID\/QUI\/50006\/2019","UID\/CTM\/50025\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04378\/2019","UID\/QUI\/50006\/2019","UID\/CTM\/50025\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007728","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007265","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007728","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007265","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007688"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006111","name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CTM-NAN\/2912\/2014","PTDC\/CTM-NAN\/30589\/2017","POCH - SFRH\/BD\/95983\/2013","MIT PhD - SFRH\/BD\/132057\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTM-NAN\/2912\/2014","PTDC\/CTM-NAN\/30589\/2017","POCH - SFRH\/BD\/95983\/2013","MIT PhD - SFRH\/BD\/132057\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006111","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunoassays using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy are especially interesting on account not only of their increased sensitivity, but also due to its easy translation to point-of-care formats. The bases for these assays are bioconjugates of polyclonal antibodies and anisotropic gold nanoparticles functionalized with a Raman reporter. These bioconjugates, once loaded with the antigen analyte, can react on a sandwich format with the same antibodies immobilized on a surface. This surface can then be used for detection, on a microfluidics or immunochromatographic platform. Here, we have assembled bioconjugates of gold nanostars functionalized with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid, and anti-horseradish peroxidase antibodies. The assembly was by simple incubation, and agarose gel electrophoresis determined a high gold nanostar to antibody binding constant. The functionality of the bioconjugates is easy to determine since the respective antigen presents peroxidase enzymatic activity. Furthermore, the chosen antibody is a generic immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody, opening the application of these principles to other antibody-antigen systems. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy analysis of these bioconjugates indicated antigen detection down to 50 \u00b5U of peroxidase activity. All steps of conjugation were fully characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering,    \u03b6   -Potential, scanning electron microscopy, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Based on the latter technique, a proof-of-concept was established for the proposed immunoassay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9111561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T04:13:08Z","timestamp":1572840788000},"page":"1561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Design and Simple Assembly of Gold Nanostar Bioconjugates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Immunoassays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"CENIMAT-I3N, Departamento de Ci\u00eancia dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8621-4701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"P. de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3115-6588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT-I3N, Departamento de Ci\u00eancia dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Fortunato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT-I3N, Departamento de Ci\u00eancia dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1997-7669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT-I3N, Departamento de Ci\u00eancia dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2086-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eul\u00e1lia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1735-8610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugh","family":"J. Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7350-649X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"\u00c1guas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT-I3N, Departamento de Ci\u00eancia dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5139-2871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4274","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.103.038604","article-title":"Raman spectroscopy detects biochemical changes due to proliferation in mammalian cell cultures","volume":"88","author":"Short","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biophys. 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