{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T21:39:13Z","timestamp":1771018753511,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UID\/EQU\/00511\/2019; UID\/QUI\/50006\/2019; SFRH\/BD\/131755\/2017; LEPABE-2-ECO-INNOVATION\u201d \u2013 NORTE\u201001\u20100145\u2010FEDER\u2010000005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EQU\/00511\/2019; UID\/QUI\/50006\/2019; SFRH\/BD\/131755\/2017; LEPABE-2-ECO-INNOVATION\u201d \u2013 NORTE\u201001\u20100145\u2010FEDER\u2010000005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is an incurable and highly debilitating condition characterized by the progressive degeneration and\/or death of nerve cells, which leads to manifestation of disabilities in cognitive functioning. In recent years, the development of biosensors for determination of AD\u2019s main biomarkers has made remarkable progress, particularly based on the tremendous advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology. The unique and outstanding properties of nanomaterials (such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, gold, silver and magnetic nanoparticles, polymers and quantum dots) have been contributing to enhance the electrochemical and optical behavior of transducers while offering a suitable matrix for the immobilization of biological recognition elements. Therefore, optical and electrochemical immuno- and DNA-biosensors with higher sensitivity, selectivity and longer stability have been reported. Nevertheless, strategies based on the detection of multiple analytes still need to be improved, as they will play a crucial role in minimizing misdiagnosis. This review aims to provide insights into the conjugation of nanomaterials with different transducers highlighting their crucial role in the construction of biosensors for detection of AD main biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9121663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T09:02:52Z","timestamp":1574413372000},"page":"1663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Nanomaterials towards Biosensing of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2013Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2013LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6433-5801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2013LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Carmo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2013Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00138","article-title":"Development of multifunctional molecules as potential therapeutic candidates for alzheimer\u2019s disease, parkinson\u2019s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the last decade","volume":"119","author":"Savelieff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. 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