{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T08:36:58Z","timestamp":1777365418390,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroSci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Anti-GAD65 antibodies are associated with several neurological phenotypes. Antibody titers are increasingly recognized as useful in diagnosis and prognosis. Objective: To describe a Portuguese cohort of patients with anti-GAD65-associated neurological syndromes. Methods: Retrospective analysis of all patients with positive anti-GAD65 antibodies and associated neurological syndromes followed in a tertiary referral center. Results: Nineteen anti-GAD65 antibody-positive neurological patients were identified, 62.3% female, with a mean age of onset of 56.0 (SD = 13.3) years. Comorbid autoimmune disorders were present in seven patients. Six patients had limbic encephalitis (31.6%), four had epilepsy (21.1%), four had cerebellar ataxia (21.1%), and three had stiff-person syndrome (15.8%). Two patients presented with isolated cognitive dysfunction (executive and mnesic) in the absence of other neurological symptoms. The mean follow-up time was 24.0 (14.0\u201342.0) months, at the end of which the mean modified Rankin Scale (mRS) value was 2.0 (1.0\u20134.0). Screening for malignancies was negative in all patients. Serum quantitative analysis was carried out in 18 patients, 10 of whom showed titers above previously defined cut-off points (&gt;10,000 IU\/L for ELISA and &gt;20 mmol\/L for RIA). Quantitative CSF analysis was performed in nine patients, with four showing above-threshold titers. There was no association between anti-GAD65 levels and clinical phenotype or the final mRS values. High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone and oral prednisolone were the most common acute and chronic treatment regimens, respectively. Conclusion: Anti-GAD65 antibodies are associated with varied neurological syndromes, and antibody titers alone should not be used to exclude a disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci5020015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T12:48:40Z","timestamp":1718628520000},"page":"201-208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterization of Anti-GAD65-Associated Neurological Syndromes: Clinical Features and Antibody Titers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4212-906X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Moura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0078-2407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firmina","family":"Sambayeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8876-2063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurophysiology, Hospital de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8760-4015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Hospital de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Esmeralda","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Hospital de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8296-883X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Sam\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Unit of Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Martins","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Unit of Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ernestina","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Unit of Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.05.003","article-title":"Structural biology of the GAD autoantigen","volume":"9","author":"Fenalti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmun. 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