{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T20:36:46Z","timestamp":1776285406355,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/AGR\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/AGR\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES to CIMO","award":["UIDB\/AGR\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/AGR\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES to CIMO","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES to CIMO","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["UIDB\/AGR\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/AGR\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CITAB","award":["UIDB\/AGR\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/AGR\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CITAB","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CITAB","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nitrogen"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents the results of two on-farm trials evaluating the efficacy of a nitrogen (N)-fixing inoculant (Methylobacterium symbioticum) applied as a foliar spray to provide N to hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) trees. In the hazelnut trial, a factorial design was employed with soil N application at three levels [0 (N0), 40 (N40), and 80 (N80) kg ha\u22121] and foliar application of the inoculant (Yes and No). The walnut trial was arranged as a completely randomized design with three treatments: the N-fixing microorganism, a seaweed extract, and a control. Soil N application significantly increased hazelnut yield in 2021 (1.99, 2.49, and 2.65 t ha\u22121 for N0, N40, and N80, respectively) but not in 2022 (average values ranging from 0.28 to 0.33 t ha\u22121). The inoculant application did not significantly affect hazelnut yield. In the walnut trial, no significant differences were observed among the treatments in either year. The average yields ranged from 1.72 to 2.38 t ha\u22121 in 2021 and 0.66 to 0.84 t ha\u22121 in 2022. Soil N application in hazelnuts tended to increase leaf N concentration and significantly increased kernel N concentration. The inoculant increased leaf N concentration in one of the three sampling dates but did not affect kernel N concentration. In walnuts, the inoculant did not increase leaf N concentration but significantly increased kernel N concentration in one of the two years. The seaweed extract did not influence walnut yield or leaf N concentration. None of the treatments in either trial consistently affected the concentration of other macronutrients and micronutrients in the leaves. Therefore, while the inoculant showed some potential to improve the N nutritional status of the trees, it did not affect the yield. Overall, the results of the inoculant application were not sufficiently compelling, indicating the need for further studies on these species before the commercial product can be confidently recommended to farmers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nitrogen6010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T05:02:02Z","timestamp":1735880522000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of Foliar Application of Nitrogen-Fixing Microorganisms and Algae Extracts on Nutritional Status and Yield of Hazelnut and Walnut Trees"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4652-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Arrobas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3423-3913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7519-4001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2370-6084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2482-7873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Manuel","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5367-1129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel \u00c2ngelo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Amaresan, N., Kumar, M.S., Annapurna, K., Kumar, K., and Sankaranarayanan, A. 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