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Understanding NO2 atmospheric dynamics is essential to support public health efforts and policymaking. Recent satellite products have proven useful in characterizing urban atmospheric composition in various regions. This study compares NO2 concentration data from in situ air quality monitoring networks and the Sentinel-5P TROPOMI satellite in Spain\u2019s three largest cities (Madrid, Barcelona, and Valencia), alongside O3 levels \u2014due to its close photochemical relationship with NOx\u2014wind speed and direction, temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation. Data from 2022 were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify key relationships and patterns. Results showed a consistent negative correlation between NO2 and O3, wind speed, temperature, and solar radiation. Differences between in situ and satellite data were more pronounced in coastal cities, influenced by wind patterns and urban morphology (Madrid: r = 0.86, v = 1.34 m\/s; Valencia: r = 0.68, v = 2.97 m\/s; Barcelona: r = 0.65, v = 8.04 m\/s). These insights enhance the understanding of NO2 behavior in urban environments and support the use of remote sensing to estimate surface-level pollution in areas lacking ground-based monitoring infrastructure. This is the first study in Spain to jointly evaluate NO2 from satellite and in situ data across multiple cities, linking pollutant concentrations with meteorological and chemical drivers to improve surface-level estimation strategies and support air quality assessment in under-monitored areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nitrogen6020032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T07:44:23Z","timestamp":1746171863000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Linking Satellite and Ground Observations of NO2 in Spanish Cities: Influence of Meteorology and O3"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Morillas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Morphology and Engineering, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7204-502X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Morphology and Engineering, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2738-5102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 C. M.","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n Jes\u00fas","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Morphology and Engineering, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3236-4549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Morphology and Engineering, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4537","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003453","article-title":"Global Inventory of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Constrained by Space-Based Observations of NO2 Columns","volume":"108","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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