{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T01:31:37Z","timestamp":1776821497822,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002924","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT - Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UID\/BIM\/04293\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/BIM\/04293\/2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) promotes, among others, the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Its prevalence increases with age, highlighting the relevance of promoting precocious MetSyn primary prevention and treatment with easy-to-implement lifestyle interventions. MetSyn features modulation through mineral water consumption was reviewed on Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases, using the following keywords: metabolic syndrome, hypertension, blood pressure (BP), cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein, chylomicron, very low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), glucose, insulin, body weight, body mass index, waist circumference (WC), obesity and mineral(-rich) water. Twenty studies were selected: 12 evaluated BP, 13 assessed total-triglycerides and\/or HDL-cholesterol, 10 analysed glucose and\/or 3 measured WC. Mineral waters were tested in diverse protocols regarding type and composition of water, amount consumed, diet and type and duration of the study. Human and animal studies were performed in populations with different sizes and characteristics. Distinct sets of five studies showed beneficial effects upon BP, total-triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and glucose. WC modulation was not reported. Minerals\/elements and active ions\/molecules present in mineral waters (and their pH) are crucial to counterbalance their inadequate intake and body status as well as metabolic dysfunction and increased diet-induced acid-load observed in MetSyn. Study characteristics and molecular\/physiologic mechanisms that could explain the different effects observed are discussed. Further studies are warranted for determining the mechanisms involved in the putative protective action of mineral water consumption against MetSyn features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T03:22:03Z","timestamp":1558581723000},"page":"1141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Metabolic Syndrome Features: Is There a Modulation Role by Mineral Water Consumption? A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Costa-Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Administra\u00e7\u00e3o Regional de Sa\u00fade do Norte, 4000-477 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3560-3261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","article-title":"Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcala-Diaz, J.F., Delgado-Lista, J., Perez-Martinez, P., Garcia-Rios, A., Marin, C., Quintana-Navarro, G.M., Gomez-Luna, P., Camargo, A., Almaden, Y., and Caballero, J. 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