{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T20:59:40Z","timestamp":1774731580945,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been recognized as having key importance in obesity- and metabolic-related diseases. Although there is increasing evidence of the potential benefits induced by probiotics in metabolic disturbances, there is a lack of large cross-sectional studies to assess population-based prevalence of probiotic intake and metabolic diseases. Our aim was to evaluate the association of probiotic ingestion with obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. A cross-sectional study was designed using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999\u20132014. Probiotic ingestion was considered when a subject reported consumption of yogurt or a probiotic supplement during the 24-h dietary recall or during the Dietary Supplement Use 30-Day questionnaire. We included 38,802 adults and 13.1% reported probiotic ingestion. The prevalence of obesity and hypertension was lower in the probiotic group (obesity-adjusted Odds Ratio (OR): 0.84, 95% CI 0.76\u20130.92, p &lt; 0.001; hypertension-adjusted OR: 0.79, 95% CI 0.71\u20130.88, p &lt; 0.001). Accordingly, even after analytic adjustments, body mass index (BMI) was significantly lower in the probiotic group, as were systolic and diastolic blood pressure and triglycerides; high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was significantly higher in the probiotic group for the adjusted model. In this large-scale study, ingestion of probiotic supplements or yogurt was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity and hypertension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T11:20:26Z","timestamp":1561720826000},"page":"1482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Probiotic Ingestion, Obesity, and Metabolic-Related Disorders: Results from NHANES, 1999\u20132014"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9468-7071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Univesrsit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS\u2014Centre for Health Technologies and Information Systems Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o S\u00e9rgio","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Univesrsit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9477-8822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Ferreira-Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS\u2014Centre for Health Technologies and Information Systems Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Health Information and Decision Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University, 4200 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3156-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Univesrsit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Univesrsit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prospective Studies Collaboration, Whitlock, G., Lewington, S., Sherliker, P., Clarke, R., Emberson, J., Halsey, J., Qizilbash, N., Collins, R., and Peto, R. 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