{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T21:33:22Z","timestamp":1778103202411,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is an ongoing debate regarding the impact of phenylketonuria (PKU) and its treatment on growth. To date, evidence from studies is inconsistent, and data on the whole developmental period is limited. The primary aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of a phenylalanine (Phe)-restricted diet on long-term growth in patients with PKU. Four electronic databases were searched for articles published until September 2018. A total of 887 results were found, but only 13 articles met eligibility criteria. Only three studies had an adequate methodology for meta-analysis. Although the results indicate normal growth at birth and during infancy, children with PKU were significantly shorter and had lower weight for age than reference populations during the first four years of life. Impaired linear growth was observed until the end of adolescence in PKU. In contrast, growth impairment was not reported in patients with mild hyperphenylalaninemia, not requiring dietary restriction. Current evidence indicates that even with advances in dietary treatments, \u201coptimal\u201d growth outcomes are not attained in PKU. The majority of studies include children born before 1990s, so further research is needed to show the effects of recent dietary practices on growth in PKU.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T08:28:13Z","timestamp":1567585693000},"page":"2070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Long-Term Growth in Phenylketonuria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fatma","family":"Ilgaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hacettepe University, 06080 Ankara, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Birmingham Children\u2019s Hospital, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK"}]},{"given":"H\u00fclya","family":"G\u00f6kmen-\u00d6zel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hacettepe University, 06080 Ankara, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4977-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio C\u00e9sar","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Gen\u00e9tica M\u00e9dica Dr Jacinto de Magalh\u00e3es, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, 4099-028 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Refer\u00eancia na \u00e1rea das Doen\u00e7as Heredit\u00e1rias do Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto\u2014CHP EPE, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beatrix Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Ahring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of PKU, Kennedy Centre, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Amaya","family":"B\u00e9langer-Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enfermedades Metabolicas Servicio de Pediatria Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Dokoupil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Erdem","family":"Karabulut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Hacettepe University, 06080 Ankara, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Birmingham Children\u2019s Hospital, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/GIM.0b013e3182141b48","article-title":"Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency","volume":"13","author":"Mitchell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genet. 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