{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:36:24Z","timestamp":1768822584366,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["426116\/2018-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["426116\/2018-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange","award":["031716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["031716"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In vivo studies show the benefits of the trypsin inhibitor isolated from tamarind (Tamarindusindica L.) (TTI) seeds in satiety and obesity. In the present study, TTI nanoencapsulation (ECW) was performed to potentialize the effect of TTI and allow a controlled release in the stomach. The impact on glycemia, insulin, and lipid profile was evaluated in Wistar rats overfed with a high glycemic index diet (HGLI). Characterization of the nanoparticles and in vitro stability in simulated gastrointestinal conditions, monitored by antitrypsin activity and HPLC, was performed. ECW and empty nanoparticles (CW) were administered by gavage, using 12.5 and 10.0 mg\/kg, respectively. Both nanoformulations presented a spherical shape and smooth surface, with an average diameter of 117.4 nm (24.1) for ECW and 123.9 nm (11.3) for CW. ECW maintained the antitrypsin activity (95.5%) in the gastric phase, while TTI was completely hydrolyzed. In Wistar rats, the nanoformulations significantly reduced glycemia and HOMA IR, and ECW increased HDL-c compared to CW (p &lt; 0.05).Pancreas histopathology of animals treated with ECW suggested an onset of tissue repair. Thenanoencapsulation provided TTI protection, gradual release in the desired condition, and improvement of biochemical parameters related to carbohydrate metabolism disorders,without compromising insulinemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T10:56:34Z","timestamp":1573728994000},"page":"2770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Tamarind Trypsin Inhibitor in Chitosan\u2013Whey Protein Nanoparticles Reduces Fasting Blood Glucose Levels without Compromising Insulinemia: A Preclinical Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"L\u00eddia L. R.","family":"Matias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Rafael O. A.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Tha\u00eds S.","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jaluza L. C.","family":"Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Alexandre C.","family":"Serquiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Course of Nutrition, Center University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59014-545, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0724-1961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna L. L.","family":"Maciel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Pedro P. A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structural and Functional Biology Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Christina S.","family":"Camillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structural and Functional Biology Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7121-6875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2224-1855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel R.","family":"Amado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas s\/n, Ourense, 32004 Galicia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6637-3462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Pastrana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6460-911X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana H. A.","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Biochemistry Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil"},{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"758","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in elderly living in marginal peri-urban communities in Quito, Ecuador","volume":"14","author":"Estrella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.07.020","article-title":"Inverse association between fruit, legume, and cereal fiber and the risk of metabolic syndrome: Tehrn Lipid and Glucose study","volume":"94","author":"Mirmiran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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