{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T21:33:25Z","timestamp":1778103205136,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vitaflo International Ltd","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The nutritional composition of special low protein foods (SLPFs) is controlled under EU legislation for \u2018Foods for Special Medical Purposes (FSMP)\u2019. They are designed to meet the energy needs of patients unable to eat a normal protein containing diet. In phenylketonuria (PKU), the macronutrient contribution of SLPFs has been inadequately examined. Aim: A 3-year longitudinal prospective study investigating the contribution of SLPFs to the macronutrient intake of children with early treated PKU. Methods: 48 children (27 boys) with a mean recruitment age of 9.3 y were studied. Semi-quantitative dietary assessments and food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) were collected three to four times\/year for 3 years. Results: The mean energy intake provided by SLPFs was 33% (SD \u00b1 8), and this figure was 42% (SD \u00b1 13) for normal food and 21% (SD \u00b1 5) for protein substitutes (PS). SLPFs supplied a mean intake of 40% carbohydrate (SD \u00b1 10), 51% starch (SD \u00b1 18), 21% sugar (SD \u00b1 8), and 38% fat (SD \u00b1 13). Fibre intake met 83% of the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) reference value, with 50% coming from SLPFs with added gums and hydrocolloids. Low protein bread, pasta and milk provided the highest energy contribution, and the intake of sweet SLPFs (e.g., biscuits, cakes, and chocolate) was minimal. Children averaged three portions fruit\/vegetable daily, and children aged \u2265 12 y had irregular meal patterns. Conclusion: SLPFs provide essential energy in phenylalanine restricted diets. Optimising the nutritional quality of SLPFs deserves more attention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T09:02:03Z","timestamp":1602752523000},"page":"3153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A 3 Year Longitudinal Prospective Review Examining the Dietary Profile and Contribution Made by Special Low Protein Foods to Energy and Macronutrient Intake in Children with Phenylketonuria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2579-8699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Daly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dietetic Department, Birmingham Children\u2019s Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7654-3621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dietetic Department, Birmingham Children\u2019s Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dietetic Department, Birmingham Children\u2019s Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Ashmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dietetic Department, Birmingham Children\u2019s Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4977-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falio C\u00e9sar","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dietetic Department, Birmingham Children\u2019s Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.11.007","article-title":"Impaired Neurotransmission in Early-treated Phenylketonuria Patients","volume":"23","author":"Artuch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. 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