{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:30:10Z","timestamp":1760239810239,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EEA Grants Program, Public Health Initiatives","award":["PT06 - 000088SI3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT06 - 000088SI3"]}]},{"name":"FEDER, the Operational Programme Factors of Competitiveness \u2013 COMPETE and through national funding from the Foundation for Science and Technology \u2013 FCT (Portuguese Ministry of Education and Science)","award":["IF\/01350\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/01350\/2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aims to derive habitual dietary patterns of the Portuguese adult population by applying two methodological approaches: a latent class model and a latent transition model. The novel application of the latent transition model allows us to determine the day-to-day variability of diet and to calculate the usual prevalence of dietary patterns. Methods: Participants are from the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey of the Portuguese population, 2015\u20132016 (2029 women; 1820 men, aged \u226518 years). Diet was collected by two 24 h dietary recalls (8\u201315 days apart). Dietary patterns were derived by: (1) a latent class model using the arithmetic mean of food weigh intake, with concomitant variables (age and sex); (2) a latent transition model allowing the transition from one pattern to another, with the same concomitant variables. Results: Six dietary patterns were identified by a latent class model. By using a latent transition model, three dietary patterns were identified: \u201cIn-transition to Western\u201d (higher red meat and alcohol intake; followed by middle-aged men), \u201cWestern\u201d (higher meats\/eggs and energy-dense foods intake; followed by younger men), and \u201cTraditional-Healthier\u201d (higher intake of fruit, vegetables and fish, characteristic of older women). Most individuals followed the same pattern on both days, but around 26% transited between \u201cIn-transition to Western\u201d and \u201cWestern\u201d. The prevalence of the dietary patterns using a single recall day (40%, 27%, 33%, respectively) is different from the usual prevalence obtained by the latent transition probabilities (48%, 36%, 16%). Conclusion: Three dietary patterns, largely dependent on age and sex, were identified for the Portuguese adult population: \u201cIn-transition to Western\u201d (48%), \u201cWestern\u201d (36%), and \u201cTraditional-Healthier\u201d (16%), but 26% were transient between patterns. Dietary patterns are, in general, deviating from traditional habits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T14:31:49Z","timestamp":1609425109000},"page":"133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Application of a Latent Transition Model to Estimate the Usual Prevalence of Dietary Patterns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6714-5939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8960-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duarte","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elisabete","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Milton","family":"Severo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015003730","article-title":"What can we learn from dietary pattern analysis?","volume":"19","author":"Hodge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200202000-00002","article-title":"Dietary pattern analysis: A new direction in nutritional epidemiology","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20061731","article-title":"Methodological approaches to study dietary patterns in relation to risk of coronary heart disease and stroke","volume":"95","author":"Schulze","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017000854","article-title":"Association between dietary patterns and adiposity from 4 to 7 years of age","volume":"20","author":"Severo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012004132","article-title":"Dietary patterns throughout childhood and associations with nutrient intakes","volume":"16","author":"Cribb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy188","article-title":"Advanced Dietary Patterns Analysis Using Sparse Latent Factor Models in Young Adults","volume":"148","author":"Joo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (2014). Guidance on the EU Menu methodology. EFSA J., 12, 3944\u20133977.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2014.3944"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.82","article-title":"Rationale and methods of the European Food Consumption Validation (EFCOVAL) Project","volume":"65","author":"Slimani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005798","article-title":"Dietary intake measurements","volume":"8","author":"Rutishauser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00040.x","article-title":"Empirically derived eating patterns using factor or cluster analysis: A review","volume":"62","author":"Newby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980014000111","article-title":"Capturing changes in dietary patterns among older adults: A latent class analysis of an ageing Irish cohort","volume":"17","author":"Harrington","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws303","article-title":"Latent transition models to study women\u2019s changing of dietary patterns from pregnancy to 1 year postpartum","volume":"177","author":"Herring","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2018.07.008","article-title":"Dietary patterns of Australian children at three and five years of age and their changes over time: A latent class and latent transition analysis","volume":"129","author":"Pitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S92","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.93","article-title":"Comparing four methods to estimate usual intake distributions","volume":"65","author":"Souverein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.07.011","article-title":"Statistical methods for estimating usual intake of nutrients and foods: A review of the theory","volume":"106","author":"Dodd","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.8990","article-title":"National Food, Nutrition, and Physical Activity Survey of the Portuguese General Population (2015\u20132016): Protocol for Design and Development","volume":"7","author":"Lopes","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, C., Torres, D., Oliveira, A., Severo, M., Guiomar, S., Alarc\u00e3o, V., Vilela, S., Ramos, E., Rodrigues, S., and Oliveira, L. (2017). National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey of the Portuguese general population. EFSA Supporting Publ., 14.","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1341"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Creavin, S.T., Wisniewski, S., Noel-Storr, A.H., Trevelyan, C.M., Hampton, T., Rayment, D., Thom, V.M., Nash, K.J., Elhamoui, H., and Milligan, R. (2016). Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of dementia in clinically unevaluated people aged 65 and over in community and primary care populations. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011145.pub2"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"9","article-title":"Adapta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 popula\u00e7\u00e3o portuguesa da tradu\u00e7\u00e3o do \u201cMini Mental State Examination\u201d (MMSE) [Adaptation of the Mini Mental State Examination\u2019s translation to the Portuguese population]","volume":"1","author":"Guerreiro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.324","article-title":"The US Department of Agriculture Automated Multiple-Pass Method reduces bias in the collection of energy intakes","volume":"88","author":"Moshfegh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (2011). Report on the development of a Food Classification and Description System for exposure assessment and guidance on its implementation and use. EFSA J., 9, 2489.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2489"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017004153","article-title":"Validation of a picture book to be used in a pan-European dietary survey","volume":"21","author":"Vilela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge (2006). Food Composition Table [in Portuguese: Tabela da Composi\u00e7\u00e3o de Alimentos], Center of Food Safety and Nutrition."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020001044","article-title":"Validation of a new software eAT24 used to assess dietary intake in the adult Portuguese population","volume":"23","author":"Goios","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01246098","article-title":"An Entropy Criterion for Assessing the Number of Clusters in a Mixture Model","volume":"13","author":"Celeux","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Classif."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026802","article-title":"Bayesian structural equation modeling: A more flexible representation of substantive theory","volume":"17","author":"Muthen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, L.K., and Muth\u00e9n, B. (2018). Mplus: The comprehensive Modelling Program for Applied Researchers: User\u2019s Guide, Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Movassagh, E.Z., Baxter-Jones, A.D.G., Kontulainen, S., Whiting, S.J., and Vatanparast, H. (2017). Tracking Dietary Patterns over 20 Years from Childhood through Adolescence into Young Adulthood: The Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201706.0092.v1"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20542","article-title":"Tracking a dietary pattern associated with increased adiposity in childhood and adolescence","volume":"22","author":"Ambrosini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.5.1107","article-title":"Does social class predict diet quality?","volume":"87","author":"Darmon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2009.00658.x","article-title":"A systematic review of studies on socioeconomic inequalities in dietary intakes associated with weight gain and overweight\/obesity conducted among European adults","volume":"11","author":"Giskes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013003169","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and health status: An updated meta-analysis and a proposal for a literature-based adherence score","volume":"17","author":"Sofi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.11.035","article-title":"The Southern European Atlantic Diet is associated with lower concentrations of markers of coronary risk","volume":"226","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.29075","article-title":"Adherence to the Southern European Atlantic Diet and occurrence of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction","volume":"92","author":"Oliveira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"106","article-title":"The Atlantic diet\u2013Origin and features","volume":"5","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Stud."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Portuguese household food availability in 1990 and 1995","volume":"4","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2015.00015","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet: From a Healthy Diet to a Sustainable Dietary Pattern","volume":"2","author":"Dernini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/1\/133\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:48:40Z","timestamp":1760179720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/1\/133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13010133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13010133","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}}}