{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:33:31Z","timestamp":1775176411919,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Women have a number of specificities that differentiate them from men. In particular, the role of sex steroid hormones and the menstrual cycle (MC) significantly impact women\u2019s physiology. The literature has shown nonlinear relationships between MC, exercise, and nutritional intake. Notably, these relationships are bidirectional and less straightforward than one would suppose. For example, the theoretical implications of the MC\u2019s phases on exercise performance do not always translate into relevant practical effects. There is often a disconnect between internal measures (e.g., levels of hormone concentrations) and external performance. Furthermore, it is not entirely clear how nutritional intake varies across the MC\u2019s phases and whether these variations impact on exercise performance. Therefore, a thorough review of the existing knowledge could help in framing these complex relationships and potentially contribute to the optimization of exercise prescription and nutritional intake according to the naturally occurring phases of the MC. Throughout this review, an emerging trend is the lack of generalizability and the need to individualize interventions, since the consequences of the MC\u2019s phases and their relationships with exercise and nutritional intake seem to vary greatly from person to person. In this sense, average data are probably not relevant and could potentially be misleading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T09:25:22Z","timestamp":1611912322000},"page":"438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Bidirectional Interactions between the Menstrual Cycle, Exercise Training, and Macronutrient Intake in Women: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3724-1417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Rocha-Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Quinta de Prados, Edif\u00edcio Ci\u00eancias de Desporto, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Tumor &amp; Microenvironment Interactions Group, i3S, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0945-1409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition &amp; Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Louren\u00e7o Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital da Luz Arr\u00e1bida, Luz Sa\u00fade, Praceta Henrique Moreira, 150, 4400-346 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7154-8266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Le\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Quinta de Prados, Edif\u00edcio Ci\u00eancias de Desporto, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Cardoso-Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oporto Sports Medicine Center, R. 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