{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T15:15:06Z","timestamp":1778166906432,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":258,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Erasmus+ Programme","award":["2020-1-CZ01-KA203-078218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1-CZ01-KA203-078218"]}]},{"name":"EFSA-CDN","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000841"]}]},{"name":"MH-CZ-DRO","award":["00179906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00179906"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) has been known as an antioxidant for most people. However, its physiological role is much larger and encompasses very different processes ranging from facilitation of iron absorption through involvement in hormones and carnitine synthesis for important roles in epigenetic processes. Contrarily, high doses act as a pro-oxidant than an anti-oxidant. This may also be the reason why plasma levels are meticulously regulated on the level of absorption and excretion in the kidney. Interestingly, most cells contain vitamin C in millimolar concentrations, which is much higher than its plasma concentrations, and compared to other vitamins. The role of vitamin C is well demonstrated by miscellaneous symptoms of its absence\u2014scurvy. The only clinically well-documented indication for vitamin C is scurvy. The effects of vitamin C administration on cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and infections are rather minor or even debatable in the general population. Vitamin C is relatively safe, but caution should be given to the administration of high doses, which can cause overt side effects in some susceptible patients (e.g., oxalate renal stones). Lastly, analytical methods for its determination with advantages and pitfalls are also discussed in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T05:54:49Z","timestamp":1613282089000},"page":"615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":458,"title":["Vitamin C\u2014Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5253-7967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Dosed\u011bl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Eduard","family":"Jirkovsk\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2805-8741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Mac\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3825-0294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenka","family":"Kr\u010dmov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, 500 05 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9135-4511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenka","family":"Javorsk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, 500 05 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0728-4646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Pourov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0644-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Mercolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1382-5119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Remi\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3570-5871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucie","family":"Nov\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6076-6900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u0159emysl","family":"Mlad\u011bnka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}]},{"name":"on behalf of The OEMONOM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2006.05607.x","article-title":"Vitamin C. 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