{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T17:17:12Z","timestamp":1774459032055,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regional Operational Programme Centro 2020, Portugal 2020, and the European Union, through the European Fund for Regional Development (ERDF)","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut microbiota is often mentioned as a \u201cforgotten organ\u201d or \u201cmetabolic organ\u201d, given its profound impact on host physiology, metabolism, immune function and nutrition. A healthy diet is undoubtedly a major contributor for promoting a \u201cgood\u201d microbial community that turns out to be crucial for a fine-tuned symbiotic relationship with the host. Both microbial-derived components and produced metabolites elicit the activation of downstream cascades capable to modulate both local and systemic immune responses. A balance between host and gut microbiota is crucial to keep a healthy intestinal barrier and an optimal immune homeostasis, thus contributing to prevent disease occurrence. How dietary habits can impact gut microbiota and, ultimately, host immunity in health and disease has been the subject of intense study, especially with regard to metabolic diseases. Only recently, these links have started to be explored in relation to lung diseases. The objective of this review is to address the current knowledge on how diet affects gut microbiota and how it acts on lung function. As the immune system seems to be the key player in the cross-talk between diet, gut microbiota and the lungs, involved immune interactions are discussed. There are key nutrients that, when present in our diet, help in gut homeostasis and lead to a healthier lifestyle, even ameliorating chronic diseases. Thus, with this review we hope to incite the scientific community interest to use diet as a valuable non-pharmacological addition to lung diseases management. First, we talk about the intestinal microbiota and interactions through the intestinal barrier for a better understanding of the following sections, which are the main focus of this article: the way diet impacts the intestinal microbiota and the immune interactions of the gut\u2013lung axis that can explain the impact of diet, a key modifiable factor influencing the gut microbiota in several lung diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T21:49:21Z","timestamp":1621460961000},"page":"1716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Gut Microbiota, in the Halfway between Nutrition and Lung Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9800-4186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Esp\u00edrito Santo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Apoio Tecnol\u00f3gico Agro Alimentar (CATAA) de Castelo Branco, 6000-459 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Caseiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3560-3261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1552-5507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEDCIDS-Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCSP Vila Me\u00e3, ACeS Baixo T\u00e2mega, ARS Norte, 4605-384 Vila Me\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Apoio Tecnol\u00f3gico Agro Alimentar (CATAA) de Castelo Branco, 6000-459 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2009","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease","volume":"90","author":"Sekirov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. 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