{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T03:53:03Z","timestamp":1777261983639,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]],"date-time":"2021-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing epidemiological evidence suggests that optimal diet quality helps to improve preservation of lung function and to reduce chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk, but no study has investigated the association of food insecurity (FI) and lung health in the general population. Using data from a representative sample of US adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007\u20132012 cycles, we investigated the association between FI with lung function and spirometrically defined COPD in 12,469 individuals aged \u2265 18 years of age. FI (high vs. low) was defined using the US Department of Agriculture\u2019s Food Security Scale). Population-weighted adjusted regression models were used to investigate associations between FI, and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), their ratio, and spirometrically defined restriction (FVC below the lower limit of normal) and airflow obstruction (COPD). The prevalence of household FI was 13.2%. High household FI was associated with lower FVC (adjusted \u03b2-coefficient \u221270.9 mL, 95% CI \u2212116.6, \u221225.3), and with higher odds (OR) of spirometric restriction (1.02, 95% CI 1.00, 1.03). Stratified analyses showed similar effect sizes within specific ethnic groups. High FI was associated with worse lung health in a nationally representative sample of adults in the US.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T21:50:15Z","timestamp":1624225815000},"page":"2098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Household Food Insecurity, Lung Function, and COPD in US Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2400-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"de Castro Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunologia B\u00e1sica e Cl\u00ednica, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPI Unit, Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Kirstie","family":"Ducharme-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4808-5130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Mora-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Cartagena, #24- a Carrera 50a #2463, Cartagena de Indias 130001, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2017-3526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh A.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7782-9130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Stephany","family":"Ruiz-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovation and Research in Diabetes and Metabolism\u2014INNOVATID, Calle 28 20 36, Cartagena de Indias 130001, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunologia B\u00e1sica e Cl\u00ednica, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPI Unit, Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o e Alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Villegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, School of Public Health, University of Chile, Independencia Santiago 939, Chile"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Garcia-Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00146012","article-title":"Lung function indices for predicting mortality in COPD","volume":"42","author":"Boutou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. 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