{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T12:18:04Z","timestamp":1762604284078,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MSCA-RISE - Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE) grant funded by the European Union","award":["778277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["778277"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoporosis is characterized by bone loss. The present study aims to investigate the effects of bovine colostrum (BC) on bone metabolism using ovariectomized (OVX) and orchidectomized (ORX) rat models. Twenty-seven-week-old Wistar Han rats were randomly assigned as: (1) placebo control, (2) BC supplementation dose 1 (BC1: 0.5 g\/day\/OVX, 1 g\/day\/ORX), (3) BC supplementation dose 2 (BC2: 1 g\/day\/OVX, 1.5 g\/day\/ORX) and (4) BC supplementation dose 3 (BC3: 1.5 g\/day\/OVX, 2 g\/day\/ORX). Bone microarchitecture, strength, gene expression of VEGFA, FGF2, RANKL, RANK and OPG, and bone resorption\/formation markers were assessed after four months of BC supplementation. Compared to the placebo, OVX rats in the BC1 group exhibited significantly higher cortical bone mineral content and trabecular bone mineral content (p &lt; 0.01), while OVX rats in the BC3 group showed significantly higher trabecular bone mineral content (p &lt; 0.05). ORX rats receiving BC dose 2 demonstrated significantly higher levels of trabecular bone mineral content (p &lt; 0.05). Serum osteocalcin in the ORX was pointedly higher in all BC supplementation groups than the placebo (BC1: p &lt; 0.05; BC2, BC3: p &lt; 0.001). Higher doses of BC induced significantly higher relative mRNA expression of OPG, VEGFA, FGF2 and RANKL (p &lt; 0.05). BC supplementation improves bone metabolism of OVX and ORX rats, which might be associated with the activation of the VEGFA, FGF2 and RANKL\/RANK\/OPG pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13092981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T04:07:28Z","timestamp":1630382848000},"page":"2981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Bovine Colostrum Supplementation Improves Bone Metabolism in an Osteoporosis-Induced Animal Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7320-212X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eirini K.","family":"Kydonaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6758-4520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8873-5591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno M.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0246-6790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique","family":"Reguengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4817-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Raposo Sim\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SALURIS, 28108 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ana R.","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4296-2529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl F.","family":"Canadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7052-8837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim Miguel","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5516-7583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor M.","family":"Correlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui L.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1884-1057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Vliora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}]},{"given":"Parakevi","family":"Gkiata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7065-9447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiannis","family":"Koutedakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece"},{"name":"Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall WS1 3BD, UK"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Ntina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BME, Biomechanical Solutions, 43150 Karditsa, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1667-7871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Joaquim Chaves Sa\u00fade, 1495-068 Miraflores Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2293-079X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres 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