{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:30:43Z","timestamp":1777383043637,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/IC\/4255\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/IC\/4255\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007746"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CESPU-IINFACTS","award":["FoodMicrobiome_CESPU_2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FoodMicrobiome_CESPU_2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Childhood is a critical stage of development during which diet can have profound influence on the microbiota\u2013host interactions, leading to potentially lifelong impacts. This study aimed to investigate whether the consumption of cafeteria diet (CAFD) and sugary drinks during early rat life alters the structure of the gut microbial community and the metabolic activity. Four-week-old male Wistar rats (n = 27) were fed a standard chow diet with ad libitum access to water (CD) or to sucrose solution (HSD), and a third group was fed with CAFD and a sucrose solution for 14 weeks. HSD and CAFD consumption induced alterations in Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. HSD increased the abundance of Barnesiella, whereas CAFD induced a depletion of Saccharibacteria. CAFD increased total white adipose tissue (WAT) weight (p &lt; 0.0005) compared to CD. When CAFD was compared to HSD, a significant difference was found only for retroperitoneal WAT (p &lt; 0.0005). Unhealthy diet-fed groups presented higher glucose (p &lt; 0.0005), total cholesterol and creatinine serum levels (p &lt; 0.005) compared to the CD rats. Early-life consumption of HSD, and of CAFD even more so, can have long-lasting negative effects on metabolic function. The gut microbiota communities were distinctively perturbed by diet composition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:13:47Z","timestamp":1631924027000},"page":"3236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Gut Microbiome Composition and Metabolic Status Are Differently Affected by Early Exposure to Unhealthy Diets in a Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Paolo","family":"De Marco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TOXRUN\u2014Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TOXRUN\u2014Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8904-002X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TOXRUN\u2014Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5078-980X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana I.","family":"S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine\u2014Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine\u2014Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8873-5591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Biochemistry Laboratory, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2236-1029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TOXRUN\u2014Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Toxicology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6762-4534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TOXRUN\u2014Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine\u2014Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010017","article-title":"The Impact of Diet and Lifestyle on Gut Microbiota and Human Health","volume":"7","author":"Conlon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317503","article-title":"Role of the microbiome in human development","volume":"68","author":"Knight","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-018-0221-5","article-title":"Pre-obese children\u2019s dysbiotic gut microbiome and unhealthy diets may predict the development of obesity","volume":"1","author":"Rampelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.010132","article-title":"Energy-balance studies reveal associations between gut microbes, caloric load, and nutrient absorption in humans","volume":"94","author":"Jumpertz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","article-title":"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest","volume":"444","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500406","article-title":"Talking microbes: When gut bacteria interact with diet and host organs","volume":"60","author":"Cani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15718","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407076101","article-title":"The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage","volume":"101","author":"Ding","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knudsen, K.E.B., L\u00e6rke, H.N., Hedemann, M.S., Nielsen, T.S., Ingerslev, A.K., Nielsen, D.S.G., Theil, P.K., Purup, S., Hald, S., and Schioldan, A.G. (2018). Impact of Diet-Modulated Butyrate Production on Intestinal Barrier Function and Inflammation. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101499"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.210","article-title":"Antibiotics in early life and obesity","volume":"11","author":"Cox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14691","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005963107","article-title":"Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa","volume":"107","author":"Cavalieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-120919-094440","article-title":"Nutrition Regulates Innate Immunity in Health and Disease","volume":"40","author":"Nobs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0290-z","article-title":"Gut microbiota and overweight in 3-year old children","volume":"43","author":"Karvonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165767","article-title":"Diet, inflammation and the gut microbiome: Mechanisms for obesity-associated cognitive impairment","volume":"1866","author":"Leigh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01309-7","article-title":"Gut microbial taxa elevated by dietary sugar disrupt memory function","volume":"11","author":"Noble","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E552","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00323.2017","article-title":"Mechanistically different effects of fat and sugar on insulin resistance, hypertension, and gut microbiota in rats","volume":"314","author":"Hereu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02897","article-title":"Comparative Microbiome Signatures and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Mouse, Rat, Non-human Primate, and Human Feces","volume":"9","author":"Nagpal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau4760","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau4760","article-title":"Neurogenesis and prolongevity signaling in young germ-free mice transplanted with the gut microbiota of old mice","volume":"11","author":"Kundu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11550","article-title":"Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota","volume":"489","author":"Lozupone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.225","article-title":"A new animal diet based on human Western diet is a robust diet-induced obesity model: Comparison to high-fat and cafeteria diets in term of metabolic and gut microbiota disruption","volume":"42","author":"Bortolin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuke, N., Nagata, N., Suganuma, H., and Ota, T. (2019). Regulation of Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Endotoxemia with Dietary Factors. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102277"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.11.010","article-title":"Diet Dominates Host Genotype in Shaping the Murine Gut Microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Carmody","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-016-0074-1","article-title":"High-fructose and high-fat diet-induced disorders in rats: Impact on diabetes risk, hepatic and vascular complications","volume":"13","author":"Lozano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.10.001","article-title":"Dietary fat and gut microbiota interactions determine diet-induced obesity in mice","volume":"5","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02236","article-title":"Microbial Changes and Host Response in F344 Rat Colon Depending on Sex and Age Following a High-Fat Diet","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/lipd.12131","article-title":"Six-Week High-Fat Diet Alters the Gut Microbiome and Promotes Cecal Inflammation, Endotoxin Production, and Simple Steatosis without Obesity in Male Rats","volume":"54","author":"Crawford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.07.026","article-title":"Crosstalk between Gut Microbiota and Dietary Lipids Aggravates WAT Inflammation through TLR Signaling","volume":"22","author":"Caesar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2010.09.003","article-title":"A highly saturated fat-rich diet is more obesogenic than diets with lower saturated fat content","volume":"30","author":"Hariri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800520","article-title":"A possible role for palatability of the food in diet-induced thermogenesis","volume":"21","author":"LeBlanc","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowd, S.E., Callaway, T.R., Wolcott, R.D., Sun, Y., McKeehan, T., Hagevoort, R.G., and Edrington, T.S. (2008). Evaluation of the bacterial diversity in the feces of cattle using 16S rDNA bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP). BMC Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-125"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiodini, R.J., Dowd, S., Chamberlin, W.M., Galandiuk, S., Davis, B., and Glassing, A. (2015). Microbial Population Differentials between Mucosal and Submucosal Intestinal Tissues in Advanced Crohn\u2019s Disease of the Ileum. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134382"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10.7.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471250953.bi1007s36","article-title":"Using QIIME to Analyze 16S rRNA Gene Sequences from Microbial Communities","volume":"36","author":"Kuczynski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, W., Le, S., Li, Y., and Hu, F. (2016). SeqKit: A Cross-Platform and Ultrafast Toolkit for FASTA\/Q File Manipulation. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163962"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-217X-2-16","article-title":"EMPeror: A tool for visualizing high-throughput microbial community data","volume":"2","author":"Pirrung","year":"2013","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R79","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-9-r79","article-title":"Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208344","article-title":"Linking Long-Term Dietary Patterns with Gut Microbial Enterotypes","volume":"334","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"212","article-title":"Diet-induced extinctions in the gut microbiota compound over generations","volume":"529","author":"Sonnenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"746","article-title":"Alterations in gut microbiota associated with a cafeteria diet and the physiological consequences in the host","volume":"42","author":"Guirro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.238816","article-title":"Early-Life Sugar Consumption Affects the Rat Microbiome Independently of Obesity","volume":"147","author":"Noble","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.125","article-title":"Cafeteria diet overfeeding in young male rats impairs the adaptive response to fed\/fasted conditions and increases adiposity independent of body weight","volume":"39","author":"Castro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.18","article-title":"Cafeteria Diet Is a Robust Model of Human Metabolic Syndrome With Liver and Adipose Inflammation: Comparison to High-Fat Diet","volume":"19","author":"Sampey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.03.113","article-title":"Cafeteria diet-induced obesity causes oxidative damage in white adipose","volume":"473","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2021.1886697","article-title":"Cafeteria diet induces global and Slc27a3-specific hypomethylation in male Wistar rats","volume":"10","author":"Viraragavan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.11.003","article-title":"The cafeteria diet: A standardized protocol and its effects on behavior","volume":"122","author":"Lalanza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21017","article-title":"Interactive effects of oligofructose and obesity predisposition on gut hormones and microbiota in diet-induced obese rats: Prebiotic Fiber and Obesity Predisposition","volume":"23","author":"Cluny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.6.1068","article-title":"Changes in childhood food consumption patterns: A cause for concern in light of increasing body weights","volume":"78","author":"Keller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy025","article-title":"Unhealthy Dietary Patterns Established in Infancy Track to Mid-Childhood: The EU Childhood Obesity Project","volume":"148","author":"Luque","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12310","article-title":"Determinants of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in young children: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Hesketh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803527","article-title":"Acceleration of BMI in Early Childhood and Risk of Sustained Obesity","volume":"379","author":"Geserick","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2009.12.002","article-title":"Two unhealthy dietary habits featuring a high fat content and a sucrose-containing beverage intake, alone or in combination, on inducing metabolic syndrome in Wistar rats and C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2018.07.014","article-title":"Cafeteria-diet effects on cognitive functions, anxiety, fear response and neurogenesis in the juvenile rat","volume":"155","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camerotto, C., Cupisti, A., D\u2019Alessandro, C., Muzio, F., and Gallieni, M. (2019). Dietary Fiber and Gut Microbiota in Renal Diets. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201906.0216.v1"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042237","article-title":"The Infant Gut Microbiome: Evidence for Obesity Risk and Dietary Intervention","volume":"7","author":"Koleva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9066","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219451110","article-title":"Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity","volume":"110","author":"Everard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2017.11.008","article-title":"Adverse effect of early-life high-fat\/high-carbohydrate (\u201cWestern\u201d) diet on bacterial community in the distal bowel of mice","volume":"50","author":"Villamil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"104","article-title":"Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10\u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"487","author":"Devkota","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.06.011","article-title":"Proteobacteria: Microbial signature of dysbiosis in gut microbiota","volume":"33","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, J., Zhao, X., Wang, Y., Noriega, J., Gewirtz, A.T., and Zou, J. (2021). Western-style diet impedes colonization and clearance of Citrobacter rodentium. PLOS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009497"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.043","article-title":"A Dietary Fiber-Deprived Gut Microbiota Degrades the Colonic Mucus Barrier and Enhances Pathogen Susceptibility","volume":"167","author":"Desai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14232","article-title":"Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome","volume":"519","author":"Chassaing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07540","article-title":"A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins","volume":"457","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/9\/3236\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:01:10Z","timestamp":1760166070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/9\/3236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13093236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13093236","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]}}}