{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:38:43Z","timestamp":1777448323484,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016996","name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016996","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Comiss\u00e3o de Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento Regional do Norte","award":["AgriFood XXI R&D&I project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AgriFood XXI R&D&I project"]}]},{"name":"Norte Regional Coordination and Development Commission (CCDR-N)","award":["operAtion No. 708 NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["operAtion No. 708 NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and University (Spain)","award":["PID2019-105606RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-105606RB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breastfeeding is the best way to feed an infant, although it can also be a source of abiotic contaminants such as heavy metals or bisphenol A (BPA). The early life exposure to these compounds can lead to serious toxic effects in both the short and long-term. These substances can reach breast milk through the mother\u2019s habits, diet being one of the main routes of exposure. The aim of the present work was to analyse possible associations between the dietary habits of women and the content of major trace elements, BPA, fatty acids and lipids, and the microbiological and immunological profiles of human milk. Possible associations between major trace elements and BPA and the lipid, microbiological and immunological profiles were also analysed. The results of this study support that the microbiological composition of human milk is associated with the dietary habits of the women, and that the consumption of canned drinks is related to the presence of BPA in human milk. Furthermore, some relationships were found between the amount of major trace elements and the microbiological and immunological profile of the milk samples. Finally, the presence of BPA was associated with changes in the immunological profile of human milk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T21:19:08Z","timestamp":1638479948000},"page":"4346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Dietary Habits and Relationship with the Presence of Main and Trace Elements, Bisphenol A, Tetrabromobisphenol A, and the Lipid, Microbiological and Immunological Profiles of Breast Milk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5605-3422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irma","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Rebeca","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Aparicio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unitat de Nutrici\u00f3, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, 43204 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007 Reus, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4399-6138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Rovira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d\u2019Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Lloren\u00e7 21, 43201 Reus, Spain"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Ares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Universitary Hospital La Paz, P\u00b0 de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4320-2318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara Cristina","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1686-3850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Casal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8565-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Oliveira Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4381-2490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Schuhmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d\u2019Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0217-4827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mart\u00ed","family":"Nadal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Lloren\u00e7 21, 43201 Reus, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1285-9686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Miguel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2380-0767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le\u00f3nides","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Galenic Pharmacy and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e827","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3552","article-title":"Breastfeeding and the use of human milk","volume":"129","author":"Eidelman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Horta, B.L., Victoria, C.G., and World Health Organization (2013). 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