{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T12:17:30Z","timestamp":1769084250229,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AgriFood XXI I&amp;DT project, European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), through the NORTE2020 (Programa Operacional Regional do Norte 2014\/2020)","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent chronic metabolic diseases of the 21st century. Nevertheless, its prevalence might be attenuated by taking advantage of bioactive compounds commonly found in fruits and vegetables. This work is focused on the recovery of polyphenols and polysaccharide\u2013polyphenol conjugates from grape pomace for T2DM management and prevention. Bioactives were extracted by solid\u2013liquid extraction and by pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE). Polyphenolic fraction recovered by PHWE showed the highest value for total phenolic content (427 \u03bcg GAE.mg\u22121), mainly anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, and higher antioxidant activity compared to the fraction recovered by solid\u2013liquid extraction. Polysaccharide\u2013polyphenol conjugates comprehended pectic polysaccharides to which approximately 108 \u03bcg GAE of phenolic compounds (per mg fraction) were estimated to be bound. Polyphenols and polysaccharide\u2013polyphenol conjugates exhibited distinct antidiabetic effects, depending on the extraction methodologies employed. Extracts were particularly relevant in the inhibition of a-glucosidase activity, with free polyphenols showing an IC50 of 0.47 \u03bcg.mL\u22121 while conjugates showed an IC50 of 2.7, 4.0 and 5.2 \u03bcg.mL\u22121 (solid\u2013liquid extraction, PHWE at 95 and 120 \u00b0C, respectively). Antiglycation effect was more pronounced for free polyphenols recovered by PHWE, while the attenuation of glucose uptake by Caco-2 monolayers was more efficient for conjugates obtained by PHWE. The antidiabetic effect of grape pomace bioactives opens new opportunities for the exploitation of these agri-food wastes in food nutrition, the next step towards reaching a circular economy in grape products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T21:47:36Z","timestamp":1639604856000},"page":"4495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["The Antidiabetic Effect of Grape Pomace Polysaccharide-Polyphenol Complexes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Filipa","family":"Campos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado Para a Qu\u00edmica Verde, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1176-9064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia F.","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado Para a Qu\u00edmica Verde, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4647-5274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro A. R.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, REQUIMTE\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado Para a Qu\u00edmica Verde, Departmento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8898-6342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel A.","family":"Coimbra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, REQUIMTE\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado Para a Qu\u00edmica Verde, Departmento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9318-9732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado Para a Qu\u00edmica Verde, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"de Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado Para a Qu\u00edmica Verde, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2297-0086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iva","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado Para a Qu\u00edmica Verde, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado Para a Qu\u00edmica Verde, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-020-00739-z","article-title":"The role of anthocyanins as antidiabetic agents: From molecular mechanisms to in vivo and human studies","volume":"77","author":"Les","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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