{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T18:45:07Z","timestamp":1773168307881,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":256,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibrosis is a pathological process associated with most chronic inflammatory diseases. It is defined by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and can affect nearly every tissue and organ system in the body. Fibroproliferative diseases, such as intestinal fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, progressive kidney disease and cardiovascular disease, often lead to severe organ damage and are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, for which there are currently no effective therapies available. In the past decade, a growing body of evidence has highlighted the gut microbiome as a major player in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune system, with severe implications in the pathogenesis of multiple immune-mediated disorders. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been associated with the development and progression of fibrotic processes in various organs and is predicted to be a potential therapeutic target for fibrosis management. In this review we summarize the state of the art concerning the crosstalk between intestinal microbiota and organ fibrosis, address the relevance of diet in different fibrotic diseases and discuss gut microbiome-targeted therapeutic approaches that are current being explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:45:21Z","timestamp":1642365921000},"page":"352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Gut Microbiome and Organ Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Carolina F. F. A.","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Benedita","family":"Sampaio-Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FMDUP\u2014Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria da Universidade do Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7382-4834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6402-4245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana S.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Ferreira-Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IBMC\u2014Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Pestana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Nefrologia, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9117-4684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria J.","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ACTA\u2014Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Ines S.","family":"Alencastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14193","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms in fibrosis","volume":"30","author":"Dees","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. 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