{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:27:18Z","timestamp":1760228838875,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CISA","award":["SFRH\/BD\/91566\/2012","UIDB\/00006\/2020","UIDP\/00006\/2020","UID\/04413\/2020","212008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/91566\/2012","UIDB\/00006\/2020","UIDP\/00006\/2020","UID\/04413\/2020","212008"]}]},{"name":"National Malaria Control Program","award":["SFRH\/BD\/91566\/2012","UIDB\/00006\/2020","UIDP\/00006\/2020","UID\/04413\/2020","212008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/91566\/2012","UIDB\/00006\/2020","UIDP\/00006\/2020","UID\/04413\/2020","212008"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["SFRH\/BD\/91566\/2012","UIDB\/00006\/2020","UIDP\/00006\/2020","UID\/04413\/2020","212008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/91566\/2012","UIDB\/00006\/2020","UIDP\/00006\/2020","UID\/04413\/2020","212008"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000348","name":"FCG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/91566\/2012","UIDB\/00006\/2020","UIDP\/00006\/2020","UID\/04413\/2020","212008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/91566\/2012","UIDB\/00006\/2020","UIDP\/00006\/2020","UID\/04413\/2020","212008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Undernutrition, anemia, and intestinal parasitic infections are public health problems in Angola, especially in pre-school children. We analyzed binary data from a longitudinal four-arm randomized parallel trial conducted in Bengo Province, northern Angola, over the course of two years, with seven follow-up assessments to explore the effects of four interventions (deworming and a test-and-treat approach for intestinal parasites, at both the individual and household levels) on wasting and stunting, and to understand their indirect benefits for anemia, malaria, diarrhea, and vomiting. A total of 121 children with intestinal parasitic infections received baseline treatment, and were allocated to the four arms (1:1:1:1). Using continuous outcome variables of height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-height (WHZ) statistical approaches did not reveal a clear benefit of any particular arm (Pathogens 2021, 10, 309). Next, HAZ and WHZ were transformed into binary variables of stunting and wasting, respectively, considering their mild-to-severe (Z-score &lt; \u22121) and moderate-to-severe degrees (Z-score &lt; \u22122). Original clinical data (on anemia, diarrhea, vomiting, and malaria) were also analyzed. From a binary longitudinal analysis with different dependence structures, using the R package bild, fitted models revealed the potential benefit of a test-and-treat approach at the individual level for wasting compared with annual albendazole at the individual level, especially considering mild-to-severe forms (ORadj = 0.27; p = 0.007). All arms showed similar effects on stunting, compared with annual albendazole, at a 5% significance level. Time and age at baseline presented favorable effects in the percentage of stunting using both severity degrees. Results showed a decreased chance of having anemia and diarrhea over time, although with no significant differences between arms. Data from longitudinal studies are essential to study the direct and indirect effects of interventions, such as deworming, and to explore additional approaches aiming at better understanding the temporal structure of nutrition and health outcomes in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:14:14Z","timestamp":1653437654000},"page":"2185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Wasting, Stunting, and Anemia in Angolan Children after Deworming with Albendazole or a Test-and-Treat Approach for Intestinal Parasites: Binary Longitudinal Models with Temporal Structure in a Four-Arm Randomized Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0095-6155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Gasparinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade de Angola (CISA), Rua Direita de Caxito, Caxito, Angola"},{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6990-7239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Helena","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Matem\u00e1tica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Estat\u00edstica e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es da Universidade de Lisboa (CEAUL), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9470-6068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assuc\u00eanio","family":"Chissaque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7434-2383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovani L.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estat\u00edstica e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es da Universidade de Lisboa (CEAUL), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Matem\u00e1tica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filomeno","family":"Fortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9710-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luzia","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Estat\u00edstica e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es da Universidade de Lisboa (CEAUL), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60103-8","article-title":"Associations of linear growth and relative weight gain during early life with adult health and human capital in countries of low and middle income: Findings from five birth cohort studies","volume":"382","author":"Adair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X","article-title":"Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"382","author":"Black","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2021). 2021 Global Nutrition Report: The State of Global Nutrition, Development Initiatives. 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