{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:48:59Z","timestamp":1760230139067,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"MSCA-RISE\u2014Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["778277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["778277"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoporosis is defined by loss of bone mass and deteriorated bone microarchitecture. The present study compared the effects of available pharmacological and non-pharmacological agents for osteoporosis [alendronate (ALE) and concomitant supplementation of vitamin D (VD) and calcium (Ca)] with the effects of bovine colostrum (BC) supplementation in ovariectomized (OVX) and orchidectomized (ORX) rats. Seven-month-old rats were randomly allocated to: (1) placebo-control, (2) ALE group (7.5 \u03bcg\/kg of body weight\/day\/5 times per week), (3) VD\/Ca group (VD: 35 \u03bcg\/kg of body weight\/day\/5 times per week; Ca: 13 mg\/kg of body weight\/day\/3 times per week), and (4) BC supplementation (OVX: 1.5 g\/day\/5 times per week; ORX: 2 g\/day\/5 times per week). Following four months of supplementation, bone microarchitecture, strength and bone markers were evaluated. ALE group demonstrated significantly higher Ct.OV, Ct.BMC, Tb.Th, Tb.OV and Tb.BMC and significantly lower Ct.Pr, Tb.Pr, Tb.Sp, Ct.BMD and Tb.BMD, compared to placebo (p &lt; 0.05). BC presented significantly higher Ct.Pr, Ct.BMD, Tb.Pr, Tb.Sp, and Tb.BMD and significantly lower Ct.OV, Ct.BMC, Tb.Th, Tb.OV and Tb.BMC compared to ALE in OVX rats (p &lt; 0.05). OVX rats receiving BC experienced a significant increase in serum ALP and OC levels post-supplementation (p &lt; 0.05). BC supplementation may induce positive effects on bone metabolism by stimulating bone formation, but appear not to be as effective as ALE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T03:50:36Z","timestamp":1657597836000},"page":"2837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Agents versus Bovine Colostrum Supplementation for the Management of Bone Health Using an Osteoporosis-Induced Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7320-212X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eirini K.","family":"Kydonaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6758-4520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0246-6790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique","family":"Reguengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4817-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Raposo","family":"Sim\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios Superiores de la Industria Farmac\u00e9utica (CESIF, SA), 28010 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4464-8402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana R.","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4296-2529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl F.","family":"Canadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7052-8837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim M.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5516-7583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor M.","family":"Correlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui L.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1884-1057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Vliora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}]},{"given":"Paraskevi","family":"Gkiata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7065-9447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiannis","family":"Koutedakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece"},{"name":"Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall WS1 3BD, UK"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Ntina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BME, Biomechanical Solutions, 43150 Karditsa, Greece"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"JCS, Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas Dr. Joaquim Chaves, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 1495-148 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2293-079X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres E.","family":"Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA"},{"name":"Move-Cor Inc., Pittsburgh, PA 15017, USA"}]},{"given":"Franklim","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1993). 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