{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T02:31:45Z","timestamp":1774665105267,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]],"date-time":"2022-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood, affecting ~7% of children and adolescents. Given its adverse health outcomes and high healthcare and societal costs, other treatment options beyond pharmacotherapy have been explored. Case-control studies have shown that dietary patterns may influence the risk of ADHD, and specific dietary interventions have been proposed as coadjuvant treatments in this disorder. These include nutritional supplements, gut microbiome-targeted interventions with biotics, and elimination diets. The purpose of this review is to examine which dietary patterns are most associated with ADHD and to summarize the existing evidence for the clinical use of dietary interventions. The literature showed that non-healthy dietary patterns were positively associated with ADHD, whereas healthy patterns were negatively associated. As for nutritional supplements, only vitamin D and vitamin D + magnesium appeared to improve ADHD symptoms when baseline levels of vitamin D were insufficient\/deficient. Regarding biotics, evidence was only found for Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and for multi-species probiotic supplementation. Elimination diets have scarce evidence and lead to nutritional deficiencies, so caution is advised. Overall, more robust scientific evidence is required for these dietary interventions to be implemented as part of ADHD therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"4332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Eating Patterns and Dietary Interventions in ADHD: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6188-3017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Correia-de-S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Benedita","family":"Sampaio-Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEB\u2014Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Nutrition Service, University Hospital Center of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7035-7799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Ferreira-Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IBMC\u2014Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.11.005","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and adverse health outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Nigg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. 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