{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:26:04Z","timestamp":1760232364780,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Public Health Initiatives Programme","award":["PT06","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007746","UIDP\/4255\/2020","LA\/P\/0053\/2020","SFRH\/BPD\/109158\/2015","SFRH\/BPD\/109153\/2015","UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT06","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007746","UIDP\/4255\/2020","LA\/P\/0053\/2020","SFRH\/BPD\/109158\/2015","SFRH\/BPD\/109153\/2015","UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007048","name":"Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PT06","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007746","UIDP\/4255\/2020","LA\/P\/0053\/2020","SFRH\/BPD\/109158\/2015","SFRH\/BPD\/109153\/2015","UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT06","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007746","UIDP\/4255\/2020","LA\/P\/0053\/2020","SFRH\/BPD\/109158\/2015","SFRH\/BPD\/109153\/2015","UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["PT06","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007746","UIDP\/4255\/2020","LA\/P\/0053\/2020","SFRH\/BPD\/109158\/2015","SFRH\/BPD\/109153\/2015","UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT06","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007746","UIDP\/4255\/2020","LA\/P\/0053\/2020","SFRH\/BPD\/109158\/2015","SFRH\/BPD\/109153\/2015","UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PT06","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007746","UIDP\/4255\/2020","LA\/P\/0053\/2020","SFRH\/BPD\/109158\/2015","SFRH\/BPD\/109153\/2015","UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT06","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007746","UIDP\/4255\/2020","LA\/P\/0053\/2020","SFRH\/BPD\/109158\/2015","SFRH\/BPD\/109153\/2015","UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The goal of this work was to examine whether elevated iodine intake was associated with adverse effects on IQ among school-age children in Portugal. In a representative sample of children from the north of the country, IQ percentiles by age (assessed with Raven\u2019s Colored Progressive Matrices) were dichotomized to &lt;50 (\u201cbelow-average\u201d IQs) and \u226550. Morning urine iodine concentrations, corrected for creatinine, were dichotomized to &lt;250 \u00b5g\/g and \u2265250 \u00b5g\/g, according to the European Commission\/Scientific Committee on Food\u2019s tolerable upper level of daily iodine intake for young children. Data were examined with Chi-square tests, logistic regression, and GLM univariate analysis. The sample (N = 1965) was classified as generally iodine-adequate (median urinary iodine concentration = 129 \u00b5g\/L; median iodine-to-creatinine ratio = 126 \u00b5g\/g) according to the WHO\u2019s criteria. A greater proportion of children in the \u2265250 \u00b5g\/g group had below-average IQs, compared to children with less than 250 \u00b5g\/g (p = 0.037), despite a sizable (though non-significant) proportion of children in the less-than-250 \u00b5g\/g group also presenting below-average IQs, at the bottom of the iodine distribution (&lt;50 \u00b5g\/g). The proportion of below-average IQs increased with increasingly elevated iodine concentrations (p = 0.047). The association remained significant after the adjustment for confounders, with the elevated iodine group showing increased odds of having below-average IQs when compared with the non-elevated iodine group (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.11\u20132.17; p = 0.011). Consistently, the former group presented a lower mean IQ than the latter (p = 0.006). High iodine intake was associated with lower IQs even in a population classified as iodine-adequate. These results bear on child cognition and on initiatives involving iodine supplementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T05:11:33Z","timestamp":1666761093000},"page":"4493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association between Elevated Iodine Intake and IQ among School Children in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7981-4442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene P.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2427-6330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"TOXRUN\u2014Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7846-1884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Caldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1515-9754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1297-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agostinho","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE\u2014Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Moreira-Ros\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition & Metabolism, Nova Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Nova Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Division of Paediatric Nutrition, Integrated Paediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Delerue-Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Sintra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Pestana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition & Metabolism, Nova Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Nova Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8021-4783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE\u2014Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2400-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca Castro","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Basic Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Public Health Institute, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Translational and Integrative Research on Population Health (ITR), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Costa","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Fontoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Nutrition & Metabolism, Nova Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4383-3822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Luz","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0831-4261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Queir\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health 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University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Calhau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition & Metabolism, Nova Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Nova Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14287","article-title":"Nutritional influences on brain development","volume":"107","author":"Georgieff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediat."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61005-3","article-title":"Iodine-deficiency 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