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However, information on the effects of these diets on the elderly brain is scarce. Therefore, we studied the effects of 2 months of treatment with high-fat (HF) and high-fat-high-sugar (HFHS) diets on aged male Wistar rats at 18 months. Anxiety levels were analyzed using the open-field and plus-maze tests, while learning and memory processes were analyzed using the Morris water maze test. We also analyzed neurogenesis using doublecortin (DCX) and neuroinflammation using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In aged rats, the HFHS diet impaired spatial learning, memory, and working memory and increased anxiety levels, associated with a reduction in the number of DCX cells and an increase in GFAP cells in the hippocampus. In contrast, the effects of the HF diet were lighter, impairing spatial memory and working memory, and associated with a reduction in DCX cells in the hippocampus. Thus, our results suggest that aged rats are highly susceptible to high-caloric diets, even if they only started in the elderly, with an impact on cognition and emotions. Furthermore, diets rich in saturated fats and sugar are more detrimental to aged rats than high-fat diets are.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T02:31:55Z","timestamp":1678674715000},"page":"1370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Effects of High-Fat and High-Fat High-Sugar Diets in the Anxiety, Learning and Memory, and in the Hippocampus Neurogenesis and Neuroinflammation of Aged Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8077-7247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Mota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"NeuroGen Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0647-6627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8090-5720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra I.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"2i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro A.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"NeuroGen Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M. Dulce","family":"Madeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"NeuroGen Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9318-9732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2967-6990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"NeuroGen Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830513Y.0000000092","article-title":"Damaging effects of a high-fat diet to the brain and cognition: A review of proposed mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Freeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. 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