{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T07:54:14Z","timestamp":1767772454141,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Neonatal Society"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The optimal method for human milk (HM) fortification has not yet been determined. This study assessed whether fortification relying on measured HM macronutrient content (Miris AB analyzer, Upsala, Sweden) composition is superior to fortification based on assumed HM macronutrient content, to optimize the nutrition support, growth, and body composition in infants born at &lt;33 weeks\u2019 gestation. In a mixed-cohort study, 57 infants fed fortified HM based on its measured content were compared with 58 infants fed fortified HM based on its assumed content, for a median of 28 and 23 exposure days, respectively. The ESPGHAN 2010 guidelines for preterm enteral nutrition were followed. Growth assessment was based on body weight, length, and head circumference \u0394 z-scores, and the respective growth velocities until discharge. Body composition was assessed using air displacement plethysmography. Fortification based on measured HM content provided significantly higher energy, fat, and carbohydrate intakes, although with a lower protein intake in infants weighing \u2265 1 kg and lower protein-to-energy ratio in infants weighing &lt; 1 kg. Infants fed fortified HM based on its measured content were discharged with significantly better weight gain, length, and head growth. These infants had significantly lower adiposity and greater lean mass near term-equivalent age, despite receiving higher in-hospital energy and fat intakes, with a mean fat intake higher than the maximum recommended and a median protein-to-energy ratio intake (in infants weighing &lt; 1 kg) lower than the minimum recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T06:00:01Z","timestamp":1679464801000},"page":"1533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Individualized Fortification Based on Measured Macronutrient Content of Human Milk Improves Growth and Body Composition in Infants Born Less than 33 Weeks: A Mixed-Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2397-7426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Unit, Maternidade Dr. Alfredo da Costa, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa, 2890-495 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5952-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Virella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Dona Estef\u00e2nia, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Lu\u00edsa","family":"Papoila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Statistics and Its Applications, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Statistics and Its Applications, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3355-0426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israel","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternidade Dr. Alfredo da Costa, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa, 2890-495 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS\u2014Center for Health Technology and Services Research, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6480-1048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Pereira-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Dona Estef\u00e2nia, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Nutrition Lab, Hospital Dona Estef\u00e2nia, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Medicine of Woman, Childhood and Adolescence Academic Area, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CHRC\u2014Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Nutrition Group, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010423","article-title":"Guidelines for feeding very low birth weight infants","volume":"7","author":"Dutta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00076","article-title":"Fortification of human milk for preterm infants: Update and recommendations of the European milk bank association (EMBA) working group on human milk fortification","volume":"7","author":"Arslanoglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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