{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:46:23Z","timestamp":1777614383029,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Eva Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.01538.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.01538.CEECIND"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Eva Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Overview: In recent years, there has been increasing clinical and empirical interest in the concept of pediatric loss of control over eating, particularly about its link with the executive functions related to the concept of impulsivity, such as inhibitory control and reward sensitivity. However, there has yet to be a comprehensive literature synthesis about the associations between these variables. A comprehensive literature synthesis would help identify future research directions to advance the field in this area. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence concerning the associations between loss of control over eating, inhibitory control, and reward sensitivity in children and adolescents. Methods: The systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines proposed by PRISMA in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and PsycINFO. The Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies was used to assess the risk of bias. Results: Twelve studies met the selection criteria and were included in the final review. Overall, methodological heterogeneity, variability in assessment methods, and the age of participants make it difficult to draw general conclusions. Nevertheless, most studies with community samples of adolescents indicate that inhibitory control difficulties are linked to the concept of loss of control eating. The presence of obesity seems to be associated with inhibitory control difficulties, regardless of the presence of loss of control eating. Studies on reward sensitivity are scarcer. However, it has been suggested that higher reward sensitivity is related to loss of control eating behaviors in young people, particularly binge eating. Conclusions: The literature on the link between loss of control eating and trait-level facets of impulsivity (low inhibitory control and higher reward sensitivity) among young people remains limited, and more studies on children are needed. Findings from this review may make healthcare professionals more aware of the potential clinical importance of targeting the trait-level facets of impulsivity and help to inform existing and future weight-loss\/maintenance interventions in childhood and adolescence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T03:29:48Z","timestamp":1686194988000},"page":"2673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Loss of Control over Eating, Inhibitory Control, and Reward Sensitivity in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1782-8122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia Marques","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento (CIPD), 4100-346 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Psicologia e de Ci\u00eancias da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Lus\u00edada (Porto), 4100-348 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, Psychology Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4704-553 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2063-091X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, Psychology Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4704-553 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Lu\u00edsa","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, Psychology Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4704-553 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7004-5410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara C\u00e9sar","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Human Development (CEDH), Faculdade de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Psicologia, Portuguese Catholic University, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1047-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, Psychology Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4704-553 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021406","article-title":"A prospective study of pediatric loss of control eating and psychological outcomes","volume":"120","author":"Shomaker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20767","article-title":"Salience of loss of control for pediatric binge episodes: Does size really matter?","volume":"43","author":"Shomaker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22661","article-title":"Prevalence of binge and loss of control eating among children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: An exploratory meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10038","article-title":"Loss of control over eating, adiposity, and psychopathology in overweight children","volume":"31","author":"Morgan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.1.53","article-title":"Eating-Disordered Behaviors, Body Fat, and Psychopathology in Overweight and Normal-Weight Children","volume":"72","author":"Yanovski","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12491","article-title":"Are loss of control while eating and overeating valid constructs? A critical review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Goldschmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12614","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12614","article-title":"Executive functioning and disinhibited eating in children and adolescents","volume":"15","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-011-9395-8","article-title":"Executive function and latent classes of childhood obesity risk","volume":"35","author":"Riggs","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-018-0224-3","article-title":"Associations Between Cool and Hot Executive Functions and Children\u2019s Eating Behavior","volume":"7","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive Functions","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734","article-title":"The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex \u201cFrontal Lobe\u201d Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis","volume":"41","author":"Miyake","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"244","article-title":"Development of Impulse Control, Inhibition, and Self-Regulatory Behaviors in Normative Populations across the Lifespan","volume":"Volume 232","author":"Hammond","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Impulse Control Disorders"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820956","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/820956","article-title":"The Relationship between Executive Function and Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"2013","author":"Reinert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis, L.A., and Riggs, N.R. (2018). Executive Function and Self-Regulatory Influences on Children\u2019s Eating. Pediatr. Food Prefer. Eat. Behav., 183\u2013206.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811716-3.00010-5"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00183-5","article-title":"The Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire [SPSRQ] as a measure of Gray\u2019s anxiety and impulsivity dimensions","volume":"31","author":"Torrubia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.05.041","article-title":"Executive functions and the self-regulation of eating behavior: A review","volume":"124","author":"Dohle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.06.041","article-title":"Inhibitory control in obesity and binge eating disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies","volume":"68","author":"Lavagnino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.12.018","article-title":"Trait-level facets of impulsivity and momentary, naturalistic eating behavior in children and adolescents with overweight\/obesity","volume":"110","author":"Goldschmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2017.0351","article-title":"Executive and Reward-Related Function in Pediatric Obesity: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Pearce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child. Obes."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2018.06.014","article-title":"Is brain response to food rewards related to overeating? A test of the reward surfeit model of overeating in children","volume":"128","author":"Adise","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.207","article-title":"Gender differences in the association between stop-signal reaction times, body mass indices and\/or spontaneous food intake in pre-school children: An early model of compromised inhibitory control and obesity","volume":"39","author":"Levitan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.02.028","article-title":"Associations of reward sensitivity with food consumption, activity pattern, and BMI in children","volume":"100","author":"Sioen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement","volume":"339","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (2021, March 10). National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2018.02.019","article-title":"Unravelling the association between inhibitory control and loss of control over eating among adolescents","volume":"125","author":"Goossens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2005.11.005","article-title":"Why obese children cannot resist food: The role of impulsivity","volume":"7","author":"Nederkoorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.06.013","article-title":"Inhibitory control effects in adolescent binge eating and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and snacks","volume":"81","author":"Ames","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22714","article-title":"Executive functions in adolescents with binge-eating disorder and obesity","volume":"50","author":"Kittel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01306-8","article-title":"The interplay between self-regulation and affectivity in binge eating among adolescents","volume":"28","author":"Goossens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2020.104784","article-title":"Associations between specific components of executive control and eating behaviors in adolescence: A study using objective and subjective measures","volume":"154","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.08.006","article-title":"Associations Between Neural Reward Processing and Binge Eating Among Adolescent Girls","volume":"62","author":"Bodell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munsch, S., Dremmel, D., Wilhelm, P., Baierl\u00e9, S., Fischer, S., and Hilbert, A. (2019). To eat or not to eat: Reward delay impulsivity in children with loss of control eating, attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, a double diagnosis, and healthy children. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221814"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2721","article-title":"Prospective associations between childhood neuropsychological profiles and adolescent eating disorders","volume":"28","author":"Schaumberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.03.010","article-title":"Executive functioning in a racially diverse sample of children who are overweight and at risk for eating disorders","volume":"124","author":"Goldschmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23422","article-title":"Food for mood: Experimentally induced negative affect triggers loss of control over eating in adolescents with low inhibitory control","volume":"54","author":"Kemps","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(198701)6:1<1::AID-EAT2260060102>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"The eating disorder examination: A semi-structured interview for the assessment of the specific psychopathology of eating disorders","volume":"6","author":"Cooper","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22296","article-title":"The loss of control over eating scale: Development and psychometric evaluation","volume":"47","author":"Latner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(199605)19:4<391::AID-EAT6>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"The use of the eating disorder examination with children: A pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Cooper","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.9.2372","article-title":"The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 Is Able to Distinguish among Different Eating Patterns in a General Population","volume":"134","author":"Romon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.1996.tb03394.x","article-title":"Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance\u2014United States, 1995","volume":"66","author":"Kann","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.12.2.123","article-title":"Development and validation of the eating disorder diagnostic scale: A brief self-report measure of anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder","volume":"12","author":"Stice","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1348\/026151008X314919","article-title":"Assessing inattention and impulsivity in children during the Go\/NoGo task","volume":"27","author":"Bezdjian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2005.66.663","article-title":"Acute tolerance to alcohol effects on inhibitory and activational mechanisms of behavioral control","volume":"66","author":"Fillmore","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2008.07.002","article-title":"Cognitive deficits and biases for food and body in bulimia: Investigation using an affective shifting task","volume":"9","author":"Mobbs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00545.x","article-title":"Impulsivity and inhibitory control","volume":"8","author":"Logan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00806","article-title":"The Differential Assessment of Children\u2019s Attention: The Test of Everyday Attention for Children [TEA-Ch], Normative Sample and ADHD Performance","volume":"42","author":"Manly","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203267","article-title":"Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task","volume":"16","author":"Eriksen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.46","article-title":"The Dimensional Change Card Sort [DCCS]: A method of assessing executive function in children","volume":"1","author":"Zelazo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"B\u00e4umler, G. (1985). Farbe-Wort-Interferenztest [FWIT] nach J. R. Stroop [Color-Word Interference Test [CWIT] According to J. R. Stroop], Hogrefe."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Gioia, G., Isquith, P., Guy, S., and Kenworthy, L. (2015). Behavior Rating. Inventory of Executive Function\u2014Professional Manual, PAR. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JACP.0000030296.54122.b6","article-title":"Gray\u2019s Reinforcement Sensitivity Model and Child Psychopathology: Laboratory and Questionnaire Assessment of the BAS and BIS","volume":"32","author":"Colder","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.2.319","article-title":"Behavioral Inhibition, Behavioral Activation, and Affective Responses to Impending Reward and Punishment: The BIS\/BAS Scales","volume":"67","author":"Carver","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02126","article-title":"The executive functions in overweight and obesity: A systematic review of neuropsychological cross-sectional and longitudinal studies","volume":"10","author":"Favieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609012","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.609012","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Obesity and Binge Eating Associated Impairment of the Cognitive Inhibition System","volume":"8","author":"Saruco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20068","article-title":"Divergent neural substrates of inhibitory control in binge eating disorder relative to other manifestations of obesity","volume":"21","author":"Balodis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.05.020","article-title":"Emotional reactivity and self-regulation in relation to compulsive buying","volume":"49","author":"Claes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206401","article-title":"Laboratory behavioral measures of impulsivity","volume":"37","author":"Dougherty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.01.007","article-title":"Why Are Self-Report and Behavioral Measures Weakly Correlated?","volume":"24","author":"Dang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Garcia, I., Neseliler, S., Morys, F., Dadar, M., Yau, Y.H., Scala, S.G., Zeighami, Y., Sun, N., Collins, D.L., and Vainik, U. (2020). Relationship between impulsivity, uncontrolled eating and body mass index: A hierarchical model. bioRxiv, 348821.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00966-4"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22845","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the brief loss of control over eating scale [LOCES-B] in early adolescents","volume":"51","author":"Vannucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Fairburn, C.G., and Wilson, G.T. (1993). Binge Eating: Nature, Assessment and Treatment, Guilford Press. [12th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2016.1271452","article-title":"Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA): Clinical norms and functional impairment in male and female adults with eating disorders","volume":"71","author":"Dahlgren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.1071","article-title":"Assessment of bulimia nervosa: A comparison of interview and self-report questionnaire methods","volume":"30","author":"Carter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumark-Sztainer, D.R., Wall, M.M., Haines, J.I., Story, M.T., Sherwood, N.E., and van den Berg, P.A. (2007). Shared risk and protective factors for overweight and disordered eating in adolescents. Am. J. Prev. Med., 33.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.07.031"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10211","article-title":"Binge eating disorder and obesity in 2003: Could treating an eating disorder have a positive effect on the obesity epidemic?","volume":"34","author":"Yanovski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/12\/2673\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:50:38Z","timestamp":1760125838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/12\/2673"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15122673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15122673","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]}}}