{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T04:32:24Z","timestamp":1768969944492,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["DL57\/2016\/CP1361\/CT0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL57\/2016\/CP1361\/CT0006"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["EXPL\/BTM-TEC\/0990\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/BTM-TEC\/0990\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020 and AAC n\u00ba 41\/ALG\/2020\u2014Project n\u00ba 072583\u2014NUTRISAFE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020 and AAC n\u00ba 41\/ALG\/2020\u2014Project n\u00ba 072583\u2014NUTRISAFE"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin K is a multifunctional micronutrient essential for human health, and deficiency has been linked to multiple pathological conditions. In this study, we aimed to develop and validate a new food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to estimate total vitamin K intake, over the course of a 30-day interval, in a Portuguese, Mediterranean-based, population. We conducted a prospective study in a non-random sample of 38 healthy adult volunteers. The FFQ was designed based on a validated Portuguese FFQ used in nationally representative studies and on literature reviews, to include foods containing \u22655 \u03bcg of vitamin K\/100 g and foods with a lower vitamin K content, yet commonly included in a Mediterranean diet. Vitamin K intake was estimated from 24 h recalls and six days of food records. The final FFQ included 54 food items which, according to regression analyses, explains 90% of vitamin K intake. Mean differences in vitamin K intake based on food records (80 \u00b1 47.7 \u03bcg\/day) and on FFQ (96.5 \u00b1 64.3 \u03bcg\/day) were statistically non-significant. Further, we found a strong correlation between both methods (r = 0.7; p = 0.003). Our results suggest that our new FFQ is a valid instrument to assess the last 30 days of vitamin K intake in the Portuguese Mediterranean population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15133012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:42:46Z","timestamp":1688344966000},"page":"3012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["New Food Frequency Questionnaire to Estimate Vitamin K Intake in a Mediterranean Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9322-2937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezequiel","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos e Desenvolvimento em Sa\u00fade, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3199-4517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Ventura","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Tourism, Sustainability and Well-Being, CinTurs, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2429-7374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos e Desenvolvimento em Sa\u00fade, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7867-6957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon","family":"Schurgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5145-4753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina","family":"Simes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simes, D.C., Viegas, C.S.B., Ara\u00fajo, N., and Marreiros, C. (2020). Vitamin K as a Diet Supplement with Impact in Human Health: Current Evidence in Age-Related Diseases. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010138"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simes, D.C., Viegas, C.S.B., Ara\u00fajo, N., and Marreiros, C. (2019). Vitamin K as a Powerful Micronutrient in Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Pros and Cons from Clinical Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174150"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05022-3","article-title":"A non-canonical vitamin K cycle is a potent ferroptosis suppressor","volume":"608","author":"Mishima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5505","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v56i0.5505","article-title":"Vitamin K: Food composition and dietary intakes","volume":"56","author":"Booth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R045559","article-title":"Recent trends in the metabolism and cell biology of vitamin K with special reference to vitamin K cycling and MK-4 biosynthesis","volume":"55","author":"Shearer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19940043","article-title":"Vitamin K distribution in rat tissues: Dietary phylloquinone is a source of tissue menaquinone-4","volume":"72","author":"Thijssen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"298","article-title":"Determination of phylloquinone and menaquinones in food. Effect of food matrix on circulating vitamin K concentrations","volume":"30","author":"Schurgers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Haemostasis"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbulut, A.C., Pavlic, A., Petsophonsakul, P., Halder, M., Maresz, K., Kramann, R., and Schurgers, L. (2020). Vitamin K2 Needs an RDI Separate from Vitamin K1. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061852"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, National Academies Press (US)."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac108","article-title":"Estimating national and subnational nutrient intake distributions of global diets","volume":"116","author":"Passarelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Hulley, S., Cummings, S., Browner, W., Grady, D., and Newman, T. (2013). Designing Clinical Research: An Epidemiologic Approach, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2000102","article-title":"Nutritional methods in the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer in Norfolk","volume":"4","author":"Bingham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"University of Porto, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, University of Lisbon, SilicoLife Lda, Lopes, C., Torres, D., Oliveira, A., Severo, M., Guiomar, S., and Alarc\u00e3o, V. (2017). National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey of the Portuguese general population. EFSA Support. Publ., 14, EN-1341.","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1341"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S137","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.suppl_1.S137","article-title":"Validation of dietary assessment methods in the UK arm of EPIC using weighed records, and 24-hour urinary nitrogen and potassium and serum vitamin C and carotenoids as biomarkers","volume":"26","author":"Bingham","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2009.04.019","article-title":"Validation of a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire Measuring Dietary Vitamin K Intake in Elderly People","volume":"109","author":"Presse","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet Assoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-75182018000500363","article-title":"Development of a food frequency questionnaire to determine vitamin k intake in anticoagulated patients: A pilot study","volume":"45","author":"Zuchinali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Nut."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12124","article-title":"McCance and Widdowson\u2019s The Composition of Foods Seventh Summary Edition and updated Composition of Foods Integrated Dataset","volume":"40","author":"Roe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"CD009825","article-title":"Mediterranean-style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"3","author":"Rees","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willett, W. (2021). Mediterranean Dietary Pyramid. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094568"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willett, W. (2013). Nutritional Epidemiology, Oxford University Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199754038.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2001318","article-title":"Development, validation and utilisation of food-frequency questionnaires\u2014A review","volume":"5","author":"Cade","year":"2003","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrie, M., Margetts, B.M., and Nelson, M. (1997). Design Concepts in Nutritional Epidemiology, Oxford University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780192627391.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture (2022, November 30). FoodData Central, Available online: https:\/\/fdc.nal.usda.gov\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"1","author":"Bland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.09.001","article-title":"Bland-Altman analysis: A paradigm to understand correlation and agreement","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2009.05288.x","article-title":"Confidence in Altman\u2013Bland plots: A critical review of the method of differences","volume":"37","author":"Ludbrook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665116002883","article-title":"Measuring diet in the 21st century: Use of new technologies","volume":"76","author":"Cade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2014009","DOI":"10.4178\/epih\/e2014009","article-title":"Dietary assessment methods in epidemiologic studies","volume":"36","author":"Shim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02545-9","article-title":"Advances in dietary pattern analysis in nutritional epidemiology","volume":"60","author":"Schulz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(90)90072-5","article-title":"Comparison of the vitamins K1, K2 and K3 as cofactors for the hepatic vitamin K-dependent carboxylase","volume":"1034","author":"Buitenhuis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(94)00027-W","article-title":"The inhibitory effect of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) on bone resorption may be related to its side chain","volume":"16","author":"Hara","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambro\u017cewicz, E., Muszy\u0144ska, M., Tokajuk, G., Grynkiewicz, G., \u017darkovi\u0107, N., and Skrzydlewska, E. (2019). Beneficial Effects of Vitamins K and D3 on Redox Balance of Human Osteoblasts Cultured with Hydroxypatite-Based Biomaterials. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8040325"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(73)90668-1","article-title":"The 3-Ketodihydrosphingosine melaninogenicus: Synthetase of Bacteroides melaninogenicus: Induction by Vitamin K","volume":"157","author":"Lev","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(90)90557-F","article-title":"Regulation of sulfotransferase activity by vitamin k in mouse brain","volume":"277","author":"Sundaram","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"8926","article-title":"Research progress on the anticancer effects of vitamin K2","volume":"15","author":"Xv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19960115","article-title":"Vitamin K status in human tissues: Tissue-specific accumulation of phylloquinone and menaquinone-4","volume":"75","author":"Thijssen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2001505","article-title":"Menaquinone-4 in breast milk is derived from dietary phylloquinone","volume":"87","author":"Thijssen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"832","article-title":"Assessment of dietary phylloquinone intake and vitamin K status in postmenopausal women","volume":"49","author":"Booth","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.4.587","article-title":"Relationships between Dietary Intakes and Fasting Plasma Concentrations of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Humans","volume":"127","author":"Booth","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2080805","article-title":"A food frequency questionnaire for the assessment of calcium, vitamin D and vitamin K: A pilot validation study","volume":"2","author":"Pritchard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2000.10718081","article-title":"Development of a self-assessment instrument to determine daily intake and variability of dietary vitamin K","volume":"19","author":"Couris","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR200370","article-title":"Food-frequency questionnaires: A review of their design, validation and utilisation","volume":"17","author":"Cade","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.11.003","article-title":"Validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire focused on the Mediterranean diet for the Quebec population","volume":"26","author":"Cantin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.121","article-title":"Reproducibility and relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire to estimate intake of dietary phylloquinone and menaquinones","volume":"71","author":"Zwakenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.7762\/cnr.2016.5.3.153","article-title":"Validity and Reliability of a Self-administered Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Vitamin K Intake in Korean Adults","volume":"5","author":"Bu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002583","article-title":"Intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1): Variation with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in a national sample of British elderly people","volume":"87","author":"Thane","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/13\/3012\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:04:28Z","timestamp":1760126668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/13\/3012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15133012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15133012","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]}}}