{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:51:04Z","timestamp":1762509064733,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":255,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality worldwide. Patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) may be at increased cardiovascular risk. This review provides an overview of clinical and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors, explores the connections between body composition (including fat mass and ectopic fat) and cardiovascular risk, and examines various methods for evaluating body composition. It particularly focuses on nutritional ultrasound, given its emerging availability and practical utility in clinical settings. Possible causes of increased cardiometabolic risk in PKU are also explored, including an increased intake of carbohydrates, chronic exposure to amino acids, and characteristics of microbiota. It is important to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors and body composition in patients with PKU. We suggest systematic monitoring of body composition to develop nutritional management and hydration strategies to optimize performance within the limits of nutritional therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15245133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T08:55:29Z","timestamp":1702889729000},"page":"5133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Body Composition Evaluation and Clinical Markers of Cardiometabolic Risk in Patients with Phenylketonuria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7780-1402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M.","family":"Luengo-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Extremadura, 06008 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Badajoz University Hospital, 06008 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7340-0330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Bueso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Badajoz University Hospital, 06008 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Ambrojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Badajoz University Hospital, 06008 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Guijarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Badajoz University Hospital, 06008 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, Rua Jacinta Marto, 1169-045 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6480-1048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Pereira-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHRC\u2014Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Nutrition Group, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA Medical School (NMS), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas (FCM), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0320-1839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Moreira-Ros\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA Medical School (NMS), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas (FCM), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5165-9513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHRC\u2014Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Nutrition Group, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Calhau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA Medical School (NMS), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas (FCM), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2579-8699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham Children\u2019s Hospital, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham Children\u2019s Hospital, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4977-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falio C\u00e9sar","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, Rua Jacinta Marto, 1169-045 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA Medical School (NMS), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas (FCM), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, C., Pinto, A., Faria, A., Teixeira, D., van Wegberg, A.M.J., Ahring, K., Feillet, F., Calhau, C., MacDonald, A., and Moreira-Ros\u00e1rio, A. (2021). Is the Phenylalanine-Restricted Diet a Risk Factor for Overweight or Obesity in Patients with Phenylketonuria (PKU)? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 13.","key":"ref_1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103443"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daly, A., Evans, S., Pinto, A., Ashmore, C., and MacDonald, A. (2021). Protein Substitutes in PKU; Their Historical Evolution. Nutrients, 13.","key":"ref_2","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020484"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-015-0378-7","article-title":"Special low protein foods for phenylketonuria: Availability in Europe and an examination of their nutritional profile","volume":"10","author":"Pena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00267-0","article-title":"Phenylketonuria","volume":"7","author":"Blau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahed, G., Aoun, L., Zerdan, M.B., Allam, S., Zerdan, M.B., Bouferraa, Y., and Assi, H.I. (2022). Metabolic Syndrome: Updates on Pathophysiology and Management in 2021. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","key":"ref_5","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020786"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-1683.71987","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk","volume":"17","author":"Alshehri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Fam. Community Med."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) (2002). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation, 106, 3143\u20133421.","key":"ref_7","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.002","article-title":"Historical perspectives of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Oda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11488-6_9","article-title":"Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"1127","author":"Berg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-V\u00e9lez, R., P\u00e9rez-Sousa, M.\u00c1., Izquierdo, M., Cano-Gutierrez, C.A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Jim\u00e9nez, E., Schmidt-RioValle, J., Gonz\u00e1lez-Ru\u00edz, K., and Correa-Rodr\u00edguez, M. (2019). Validation of Surrogate Anthropometric Indices in Older Adults: What Is the Best Indicator of High Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Clustering?. Nutrients, 11.","key":"ref_10","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081701"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.242","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Javed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067264","article-title":"Body fat distribution and risk of cardiovascular disease: An update","volume":"126","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00101-016-0205-0","article-title":"Jenseits des BMI: Alternative Methoden zur Erfassung von K\u00f6rperfett und Muskelmasse in der Intensivmedizin und deren klinischer Stellenwert [Above and beyond BMI: Alternative methods of measuring body fat and muscle mass in critically ill patients and their clinical significance]","volume":"65","author":"Weig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaesthesist"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.694","article-title":"Healthy percentage body fat ranges: An approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index","volume":"72","author":"Gallagher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcv201","article-title":"Changing guards: Time to move beyond body mass index for population monitoring of excess adiposity","volume":"109","author":"Tanamas","year":"2016","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422412000054","article-title":"Excess body fat in obese and normal-weight subjects","volume":"25","author":"Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.12.295","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome: A global public health problem and a new definition","volume":"12","author":"Zimmet","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000395","article-title":"A requiem for BMI in the clinical setting","volume":"20","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.113905","article-title":"Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"309","author":"Flegal","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"16","article-title":"Waist circumference as the best predictor of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) compared to body mass index, waist\/hip ratio and other anthropometric measurements in Mexican American","volume":"5","author":"Wei","year":"1997","journal-title":"A 7-year prospective study. Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19930104","article-title":"Abdominal diameters as indicators of visceral fat: Comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and anthropometry","volume":"70","author":"Leenen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2010.06.009","article-title":"Distribuci\u00f3n de la circunferencia de la cintura y de la relaci\u00f3n circunferencia de la cintura con respecto a la talla seg\u00fan la categor\u00eda del \u00edndice de masa corporal en los pacientes atendidos en consultas de endocrinolog\u00eda y nutrici\u00f3n [Distribution of waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio by categories of body mass index in patients attended in endocrinology and nutrition units]","volume":"57","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Nut."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969753","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.969753","article-title":"Visceral adiposity measures are strongly associated with cardiovascular disease among female participants in Southwest China: A population-based prospective study","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cybulska, A.M., Rachubi\u0144ska, K., Skonieczna-\u017bydecka, K., Drozd, A., Pawlik, J., Stachowska, E., Cymbaluk-P\u0142oska, A., and Grochans, E. (2022). Correlations between Fatty Acid Profile and Body Fat Distribution in Postmenopausal Women\u2014A Cross Sectional Study. Nutrients, 14.","key":"ref_24","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183865"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0310-7","article-title":"Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: A Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity","volume":"16","author":"Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S1575-0922(09)72964-X","article-title":"Validaci\u00f3n de \u00edndices antropom\u00e9tricos alternativos como marcadores del riesgo cardiovascular [Validation of alternative anthropometric indexes as cardiovascular risk markers]","volume":"56","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Nut."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422410000144","article-title":"A systematic review of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for the prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: 0.5 could be a suitable global boundary value","volume":"23","author":"Browning","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"195407","article-title":"Waist-to-Height Ratio Is a Better Anthropometric Index than Waist Circumference and BMI in Predicting Metabolic Syndrome among Obese Mexican Adolescents","volume":"2014","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12947","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12947","article-title":"Optimum waist circumference-height indices for evaluating adult adiposity: An analytic review","volume":"21","author":"Hwaung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1825","article-title":"Visceral Adiposity Index: A reliable indicator of visceral fat function associated with cardiometabolic risk","volume":"33","author":"Amato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-10-183","article-title":"Cut-off points of the visceral adiposity index (VAI) identifying a visceral adipose dysfunction associated with cardiometabolic risk in a Caucasian Sicilian population","volume":"10","author":"Amato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2022.05.020","article-title":"Association between the visceral adiposity index and risks of all-cause and cause-specific mortalities in a large cohort: Findings from the UK biobank","volume":"32","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"11","article-title":"Correlation of Visceral Adiposity Index with Visceral Fat in Obese Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"70","author":"Kalapur","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians. India"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730827","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/730827","article-title":"Visceral adiposity index: An indicator of adipose tissue dysfunction","volume":"2014","author":"Amato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29362-1","article-title":"Relative fat mass (RFM) as a new estimator of whole-body fat percentage\u2014A cross-sectional study in American adult individuals","volume":"8","author":"Woolcott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2067352","article-title":"Relative fat mass assessment estimates changes in adiposity among female older adults with obesity after a 12-month exercise and diet intervention","volume":"54","author":"Senkus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16142-1","article-title":"Normalized sensitivity of multi-dimensional body composition biomarkers for risk change prediction","volume":"12","author":"Criminisi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.38","article-title":"A better index of body adiposity","volume":"19","author":"Bergman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"794","article-title":"Predicting metabolic syndrome by visceral adiposity index, body roundness index, dysfunctional adiposity index, lipid accumulation product index, and body shape index in adults","volume":"39","author":"Hajhamidiasl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"4522493","article-title":"Emergent Anthropometric Indices in Differential Prediction of Prehypertension and Hypertension in Mexican Population: Results according to Age and Sex","volume":"2022","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy043","article-title":"Validity of the Body Adiposity Index in Predicting Body Fat in Adults: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19740060","article-title":"Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: Measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 Years","volume":"32","author":"Durnin","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esparza-Ros, F., Moreira, A.C., Vaquero-Crist\u00f3bal, R., Barrigas, C., Albaladejo-Saura, M., and Vieira, F. (2022). Differences between Four Skinfold Calipers in the Assessment of Adipose Tissue in Young Adult Healthy Population. Nutrients, 14.","key":"ref_43","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14102085"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"16","article-title":"Writing Group for the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2), and the Extended Group for EWGSOP2. Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cc.2015.08.003","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de la masa muscular a trav\u00e9s de 2 indicadores antropom\u00e9tricos para la determinaci\u00f3n de sarcopenia en ancianas. [Estimating muscle mass using two anthropometric indicators for diagnosing sarcopenia in the elderly]","volume":"15","author":"Lazarevich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cienc. Cl\u00ednicas"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Chen, X., Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Fang, Y., Peng, Z., and Liu, W. (2021). Body Composition Measurement Improved Performance of GLIM Criteria in Diagnosing Malnutrition Compared to PG-SGA in Ambulatory Cancer Patients: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 13.","key":"ref_46","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082744"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12152","article-title":"Contemporary methods of body composition measurement","volume":"35","author":"Zerahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nuevo enfoque de la nutrici\u00f3n. Valoraci\u00f3n del estado nutricional del paciente: Funci\u00f3n y composici\u00f3n corporal. [A new nutritional approach. Assessment of the patient\u2019s nutritional status: Function and body composition.]","volume":"35","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M500294-JLR200","article-title":"Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans","volume":"46","author":"Cinti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7678183","article-title":"Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: Direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance","volume":"259","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"39","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de la prote\u00edna C reactiva ultrasensible (PCR-us) como marcador de inflamaci\u00f3n hep\u00e1tica en pacientes con s\u00edndrome metab\u00f3lico [Assessment of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (HS-CRP) as a marker of liver inflammation in patients with metabolic syndrome]","volume":"71","author":"Gallardo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Gastroenterol. Mex"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.06.082","article-title":"Inflammatory markers and the metabolic syndrome: Insights from therapeutic interventions","volume":"46","author":"Koh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.4.1131","article-title":"Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Elevated levels of acute-phase proteins and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 predict the development of type 2 diabetes: The insulin resistance atherosclerosis study","volume":"51","author":"Festa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328337d826","article-title":"Epidemiology of myosteatosis","volume":"13","author":"Miljkovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1159\/000471488","article-title":"The Metabolic Phenotype in Obesity: Fat Mass, Body Fat Distribution, and Adipose Tissue Function","volume":"10","author":"Goossens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Facts."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-017-0283-6","article-title":"Brown Adipose Tissue: An Update on Recent Findings","volume":"6","author":"Marlatt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2018","article-title":"Mechanistic Links Between Obesity, Diabetes, and Blood Pressure: Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue","volume":"99","author":"Saxton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villasante Fricke, A.C., and Iacobellis, G. (2019). Epicardial Adipose Tissue: Clinical Biomarker of Cardio-Metabolic Risk. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","key":"ref_58","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235989"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30084-1","article-title":"International Atherosclerosis Society; International Chair on Cardiometabolic Risk Working Group on Visceral Obesity. Visceral and ectopic fat, atherosclerosis, and cardiometabolic disease: A position statement","volume":"7","author":"Neeland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309570","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/309570","article-title":"Intermuscular fat: A review of the consequences and causes","volume":"2014","author":"Addison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029617","article-title":"Cardiovascular and Metabolic Heterogeneity of Obesity: Clinical Challenges and Implications for Management","volume":"137","author":"Neeland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cespiati, A., Meroni, M., Lombardi, R., Oberti, G., Dongiovanni, P., and Fracanzani, A.L. (2022). Impact of Sarcopenia and Myosteatosis in Non-Cirrhotic Stages of Liver Diseases: Similarities and Differences across Aetiologies and Possible Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines, 10.","key":"ref_62","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10010182"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishikawa, H., Asai, A., Fukunishi, S., Nishiguchi, S., and Higuchi, K. (2021). Metabolic Syndrome and Sarcopenia. Nutrients, 13.","key":"ref_63","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103519"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101398","article-title":"Updated systematic review and meta-analysis on diagnostic issues and the prognostic impact of myosteatosis: A new paradigm beyond sarcopenia","volume":"70","author":"Ahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.01.020","article-title":"Innovative Target Exploration of NAFLD (ITEN) Consortium. Myosteatosis, but not Sarcopenia, Predisposes NAFLD Subjects to Early Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis Progression","volume":"21","author":"Hsieh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716533","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.716533","article-title":"The impact of dysmetabolic sarcopenia among insulin sensitive tissues: A narratie review","volume":"12","author":"Armandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2020.00065","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction in the Development and Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"8","author":"Altajar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"119","article-title":"Sarcopenia or muscle modifications in neurologic diseases: A lexical or patophysiological difference?","volume":"49","author":"Carda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12901","article-title":"Pathogenesis of sarcopenia and the relationship with fat mass: Descriptive review","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.01.033","article-title":"Relation of Muscle Mass and Fat Mass to Cardiovascular Disease Mortality","volume":"117","author":"Srikanthan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e128","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315054","article-title":"Association Between Muscle Quality Measured by Abdominal Computed Tomography and Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309633","article-title":"Intermuscular Adipose Tissue and Subclinical Coronary Artery Calcification in Midlife: The CARDIA Study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults)","volume":"37","author":"Terry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2021.1348","article-title":"Quality Matters as Much as Quantity of Skeletal Muscle: Clinical Implications of Myosteatosis in Cardiometabolic Health","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680800200623","article-title":"Body composition methods: Comparisons and interpretation","volume":"2","author":"Duren","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.036970","article-title":"Body-composition reference data for simple and reference techniques and a 4-component model: A new UK reference child","volume":"96","author":"Wells","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22500","article-title":"Body composition assessment in the infant","volume":"26","author":"Demerath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1249-z","article-title":"Official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) on DXA evaluation in children and adolescents","volume":"25","author":"Bianchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2016.03.003","article-title":"International Society for Clinical Densitometry. Best Practices for Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Measurement and Reporting: International Society for Clinical Densitometry Guidance","volume":"19","author":"Lewiecki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/51.6.1106","article-title":"Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for total-body and regional bone-mineral and soft-tissue composition","volume":"51","author":"Mazess","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"427","article-title":"Body composition by dual-photon absorptiometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry","volume":"55","author":"Mazess","year":"1990","journal-title":"Basic. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803402","article-title":"Body composition in normal weight, overweight and obese children: Matched case-control analyses of total and regional tissue masses, and body composition trends in relation to relative weight","volume":"30","author":"Wells","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"480","article-title":"Body composition from fluid spaces and density: Analysis of methods. 1961","volume":"9","author":"Siri","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.1047","article-title":"Evaluation of Lunar Prodigy dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for assessing body composition in healthy persons and patients by comparison with the criterion 4-component model","volume":"83","author":"Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.393","article-title":"Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for quantification of visceral fat","volume":"20","author":"Kaul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.2.372","article-title":"Trunk fat and leg fat have independent and opposite associations with fasting and postload glucose levels: The Hoorn study","volume":"27","author":"Snijder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.06.009","article-title":"The relationship between lean body mass and bone mineral content in paediatric health and disease","volume":"35","author":"Crabtree","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00f3rdoba-Rodr\u00edguez, D.P., Iglesia, I., Gomez-Bruton, A., Rodr\u00edguez, G., Casaj\u00fas, J.A., Morales-Devia, H., and Moreno, L.A. (2022). Fat-free\/lean body mass in children with insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr., 22.","key":"ref_87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-03041-z"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.2.294","article-title":"Strength training increases insulin-mediated glucose uptake, GLUT4 content, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"53","author":"Holten","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.11.028","article-title":"Current technologies in body composition assessment: Advantages and disadvantages","volume":"62","author":"Ceniccola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab184","article-title":"Independent effects of adiposity measures on risk of atrial fibrillation in men and women: A study of 0.5 million individuals","volume":"51","author":"Camm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0360-2","article-title":"Update on body composition tools in clinical settings: Computed tomography, ultrasound, and bioimpedance applications for assessment and monitoring","volume":"73","author":"Price","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0285-9","article-title":"Validity of multi-frequency bioelectric impedance methods to measure body composition in obese patients: A systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Becroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0167-1","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance analysis-derived phase angle at admission as a predictor of 90-day mortality in intensive care patients","volume":"72","author":"Stapel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"3106","article-title":"Phase angle and standardized phase angle from bioelectrical impedance measurements as a prognostic factor for mortality at 90 days in patients with COVID-19: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Talluri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01131-4","article-title":"Phase angle of bioimpedance at 50\u2009kHz is associated with cardiovascular diseases: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Ceolin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1159\/000356366","article-title":"Fluid management in the intensive care unit: Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis as a tool to assess hydration status and optimal fluid balance in critically ill patients","volume":"36","author":"Basso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12860","article-title":"Phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis is a useful indicator of muscle quality","volume":"13","author":"Akamatsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.02.001","article-title":"Guidance for assessment of the muscle mass phenotypic criterion for the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition diagnosis of malnutrition","volume":"41","author":"Barazzoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12383","article-title":"GLIM Core Leadership Committee, GLIM Working Group. GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition\u2014A consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community","volume":"10","author":"Cederholm","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz034","article-title":"Approaches to Assessment of Muscle Mass and Myosteatosis on Computed Tomography: A Systematic Review","volume":"74","author":"Amini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-021-03294-3","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Imaging assessment and clinical application","volume":"47","author":"Chianca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607115604149","article-title":"Measuring Abdominal Circumference and Skeletal Muscle From a Single Cross-Sectional Computed Tomography Image: A Step-by-Step Guide for Clinicians Using National Institutes of Health ImageJ","volume":"40","author":"Haus","year":"2016","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter Enteral. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2245","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac148","article-title":"Associations of Abdominal and Cardiovascular Adipose Tissue Depots With HDL Metrics in Midlife Women: The SWAN Study","volume":"107","author":"Nasr","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12948","article-title":"Chest computed tomography-derived muscle mass and quality indicators, in-hospital outcomes, and costs in older inpatients","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-016-0334-z","article-title":"A Comparison of Peripheral Imaging Technologies for Bone and Muscle Quantification: A Mixed Methods Clinical Review","volume":"14","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2018-000722","article-title":"Advanced body composition assessment: From body mass index to body composition profiling","volume":"66","author":"Borga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-015-0498-z","article-title":"Segmentation and quantification of adipose tissue by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"29","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Mater. Phys. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000201","article-title":"Assessment of fat and lean mass by quantitative magnetic resonance: A future technology of body composition research?","volume":"18","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inoue, T., Kozawa, E., Ishikawa, M., and Okada, H. (2021). Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Nutritional Status: A Literature Review with Focus on Dialysis Patients. Nutrients, 13.","key":"ref_110","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062037"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000360","article-title":"Current body composition measurement techniques","volume":"24","author":"Lemos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.1.90","article-title":"Body-composition assessment in infancy: Air-displacement plethysmography compared with a reference 4-compartment model","volume":"85","author":"Ellis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.2.364","article-title":"Evaluation of a new pediatric air-displacement plethysmograph for body-composition assessment by means of chemical analysis of bovine tissue phantoms","volume":"77","author":"Sainz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.4.653","article-title":"Validation of a new pediatric air-displacement plethysmograph for assessing body composition in infants","volume":"79","author":"Ma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2012.28","article-title":"Air-displacement plethysmography pediatric option in 2-6 years old using the four-compartment model as a criterion method","volume":"20","author":"Fields","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy377","article-title":"New charts for the assessment of body composition, according to air-displacement plethysmography, at birth and across the first 6 mo of life","volume":"109","author":"Norris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801113","article-title":"Validation of the BOD POD with hydrostatic weighing: Influence of body clothing","volume":"24","author":"Fields","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.3.453","article-title":"Body-composition assessment via air-displacement plethysmography in adults and children: A review","volume":"75","author":"Fields","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06423.x","article-title":"Comparison of air-displacement plethysmography, hydrodensitometry, and dual X-ray absorptiometry for assessing body composition of children 10 to 18 years of age","volume":"904","author":"Lockner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1519\/00124278-200702000-00030","article-title":"Reliability of air displacement plethysmography","volume":"21","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000228950.60097.01","article-title":"Reliability of air displacement plethysmography in a large, heterogeneous sample","volume":"38","author":"Noreen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.6.953","article-title":"Height-normalized indices of the body\u2019s fat-free mass and fat mass: Potentially useful indicators of nutritional status","volume":"52","author":"VanItallie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320S","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.005371","article-title":"Toward body composition reference data for infants, children, and adolescents","volume":"5","author":"Wells","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1159\/000485667","article-title":"Accurate Direct Measures Are Required to Validate Derived Measures","volume":"113","author":"Virella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2527\/2001.79111x","article-title":"Predicting Percentage of Intramuscular Fat Using Two Types of Real-Time Ultrasound Equipment","volume":"79","author":"Hassen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"1205","article-title":"Comparison of accuracy of intramuscular fat prediction in live pigs using five different ultrasound intensity levels","volume":"3","author":"Bahelka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Animals"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halim, M.H.A., Buniyamin, N., Shari, M.A.M., Kassim, R.A., and Mohamad, Z. (2013, January 25\u201327). The use of ultrasound as a fat measurement sensor for the food industry: A review. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Applications (ICSIMA), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","key":"ref_127","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSIMA.2013.6717974"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-19-1048","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging, a stethoscope for body composition assessment","volume":"10","author":"Ponti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endinu.2022.03.008","article-title":"Nutritional ultrasound\u00ae: Conceptualisation, technical considerations and standardisation","volume":"70","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"592","article-title":"Morphofunctional assessment of patient\u2019s nutritional status: A global approach","volume":"38","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-020-00433-9","article-title":"Application of ultrasound for muscle assessment in sarcopenia: 2020 SARCUS update","volume":"12","author":"Perkisas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318163f29e","article-title":"Evaluation of Ultrasound in Assessing Body Composition of High School Wrestlers","volume":"40","author":"Utter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahathevan, S., Khor, B.H., Singh, B.K.S., Sabatino, A., Fiaccadori, E., Daud, Z.A.M., Ali, M.S., Narayanan, S.S., Tallman, D., and Chinna, K. (2020). Association of ultrasound-derives metrics of the quadriceps muscle with protein energy wasting in hemodialysis patients: A multicentre cross-sectional study. Nutrients, 12.","key":"ref_133","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113597"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.08.022","article-title":"Association between ultrasound quadriceps muscle status with premorbid functional status and 60-day mortality in mechanically ventilated critically ill patient: A single-center prospective observational study","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607116637852","article-title":"Validation of bedside ultrasound of muscle layer thickness of the quadriceps in the critically ill patient (VALIDUM Study)","volume":"41","author":"Paris","year":"2016","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenteral. Enteral. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2019.01.001","article-title":"The added value of ultrasound muscle measurements in patients with COPD: An exploratory study","volume":"30","author":"Nijholt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7165126","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7165126","article-title":"Correlation of the Phase Angle with Muscle Ultrasound and Quality of Life in Obese Females","volume":"2022","author":"Primo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2015.03.006","article-title":"Rectus femoris (RF) ultrasound for the assessment of muscle mass in older people","volume":"61","author":"Berger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mateos-Angulo, A., Gal\u00e1n-Mercant, A., and Cuesta-Vargas, A.I. (2019). Ultrasound Muscle Assessment and Nutritional Status in Institutionalized Older Adults: A Pilot Study. Nutrients, 11.","key":"ref_139","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061247"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859555","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.859555","article-title":"Application of Muscle Thickness and Quality Measured by Ultrasound in Frailty Assessment in China","volume":"9","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.4.593","article-title":"Visceral fat thickness measured by ultrasonography can estimate not only visceral obesity but also risks of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases","volume":"79","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.08.004","article-title":"Abdominal visceral fat thickness measured by ultrasonography predicts the presence and severity of coronary artery disease","volume":"36","author":"Hamagawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01139-0","article-title":"The effect of ageing on shear wave elastography muscle stiffness in adults","volume":"31","author":"Alfuraih","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Socorro, C.R., Saavedra, P., L\u00f3pez-Fern\u00e1ndez, J.C., and Ruiz-Santana, S. (2018). Assessment of Muscle Wasting in Long-Stay ICU Patients Using a New Ultrasound Protocol. Nutrients, 10.","key":"ref_144","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121849"},{"unstructured":"Image, J. (2022, November 22). Image Processing and Analysis in Java, Available online: https:\/\/imagej.nih.gov\/ij\/index.html.","key":"ref_145"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2021.102453","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging of quadriceps muscle in patients with knee osteoarthritis: The test-retest and inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity of echo intensity measurement","volume":"56","year":"2021","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24656","article-title":"Measurement of intramuscular fat by muscle echo intensity","volume":"52","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/01617346211029656","article-title":"Diagnostic Performance of Muscle Echo Intensity and Fractal Dimension for the Detection of Frailty Phenotype","volume":"43","author":"Vucetic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrason"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.9.795","article-title":"Bone densitometry in children assessed by dual x ray absorptiometry: Uses and pitfalls","volume":"88","author":"Fewtrell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2013.08.005","article-title":"Executive summary of the 2013 International Society for Clinical Densitometry Position Development Conference on Body Composition","volume":"16","author":"Shepherd","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.473","article-title":"Optimal monitoring time interval between DXA measures in children","volume":"26","author":"Shepherd","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.87.4.341","article-title":"Reference data for bone density and body composition measured with dual energy x ray absorptiometry in white children and young adults","volume":"87","author":"Boot","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.2.232","article-title":"Determinants of body composition measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in Dutch children and adolescents","volume":"66","author":"Boot","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/57.6.845","article-title":"Detection of small changes in body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry","volume":"57","author":"Going","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/57.3.323","article-title":"Determination of body composition--a comparison of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and hydrodensitometry","volume":"57","author":"Johansson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.115741","article-title":"Is body composition important for paediatricians?","volume":"93","author":"Wells","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-01086-7","article-title":"Wrist circumference is a biomarker of adipose tissue dysfunction and cardiovascular risk in children with obesity","volume":"43","author":"Luordi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951115000803","article-title":"Waist circumference to height ratio and left ventricular mass in children and adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Mehta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.353","article-title":"BMI, waist circumference, and selected cardiovascular disease risk factors among preschool-age children","volume":"20","author":"Messiah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.12.1179","article-title":"Utility of different measures of body fat distribution in children and adolescents","volume":"152","author":"Daniels","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(88)90047-9","article-title":"A weight shape index for assessing risk of disease in 44,820 women","volume":"41","author":"Rimm","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.2.490","article-title":"Evaluation of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and the conicity index as screening tools for high trunk fat mass, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, in children aged 3-19 y","volume":"72","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801401","article-title":"Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio are better predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in children than body mass index","volume":"24","author":"Savva","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601240","article-title":"The development of waist circumference percentiles in British children aged 5.0-16.9 y","volume":"55","author":"McCarthy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1569","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz195","article-title":"International Waist Circumference Percentile Cutoffs for Central Obesity in Children and Adolescents Aged 6 to 18 Years","volume":"105","author":"Xi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114599001348","article-title":"Anthropometric measurement error and the assessment of nutritional status","volume":"82","author":"Ulijaszek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.17","article-title":"Misclassification of cardiometabolic health when using body mass index categories in NHANES 2005\u20132012","volume":"40","author":"Tomiyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2017.1333165","article-title":"Standardisation of bioelectrical impedance analysis for the estimation of body composition in healthy paediatric populations: A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Brantlov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2016.1209590","article-title":"Critical factors and their impact on bioelectrical impedance analysis in children: A review","volume":"41","author":"Brantlov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.1.366","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance estimation of fat-free body mass in children and youth: A cross-validation study","volume":"72","author":"Houtkooper","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/64.3.436S","article-title":"Why bioelectrical impedance analysis should be used for estimating adiposity","volume":"64","author":"Houtkooper","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.86","article-title":"Body composition during growth in children: Limitations and perspectives of bioelectrical impedance analysis","volume":"69","author":"Kyle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-01018-w","article-title":"Using bioelectrical impedance analysis in children and adolescents: Pressing issues","volume":"76","author":"Orsso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2015-0063","article-title":"Comparisons of a Multi-Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis to the Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Scan in Healthy Young Adults Depending on their Physical Activity Level","volume":"47","author":"Verney","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006","article-title":"International Society of Clinical Densitometry. Quantitative computer tomography in children and adolescents: The 2013 ISCD Pediatric Official Positions","volume":"17","author":"Adams","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460903055139","article-title":"Relationship between indices of adiposity obtained by peripheral quantitative computed tomography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in pre-pubertal children","volume":"36","author":"Ducher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2018.03.002","article-title":"Validation of Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography-Derived Thigh Adipose Tissue Subcompartments in Young Girls Using a 3\u2009T MRI Scanner","volume":"21","author":"Blew","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803163","article-title":"Crossvalidation of anthropometry against magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in children","volume":"30","author":"Brambilla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marunowski, K., \u015awi\u0119to\u0144, D., Bzyl, W., Grzywi\u0144ska, M., Kaszubowski, M., Bandosz, P., Khrichenko, D., and Piskunowicz, M. (2021). MRI-Derived Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue Reference Values for Children Aged 6 to Under 18 Years. Front. Nutr., 757274.","key":"ref_179","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.757274"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2013.08.012","article-title":"Is overweight an issue in phenylketonuria?","volume":"110","author":"Rocha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.10.012","article-title":"Mechanisms of obesity in children and adults with phenylketonuria on contemporary treatment","volume":"46","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2012.10.006","article-title":"Dietary treatment in phenylketonuria does not lead to increased risk of obesity or metabolic syndrome","volume":"107","author":"Rocha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890500383895","article-title":"Is visceral obesity the cause of the metabolic syndrome?","volume":"38","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05488","article-title":"Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome","volume":"444","author":"Lemieux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forte, N., Fern\u00e1ndez-Rilo, A.C., Palomba, L., Di Marzo, V., and Cristino, L. (2020). Obesity Affects the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and the Regulation Thereof by Endocannabinoids and Related Mediators. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","key":"ref_185","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051554"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.4.797","article-title":"Resting energy expenditure in children with phenylketonuria","volume":"62","author":"Allen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, S., Daly, A., Wildgoose, J., Cochrane, B., Chahal, S., Ashmore, C., Loveridge, N., and MacDonald, A. (2019). Growth, Protein and Energy Intake in Children with PKU Taking a Weaning Protein Substitute in the First Two Years of Life: A Case-Control Study. Nutrients, 11.","key":"ref_187","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030552"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2016.11.002","article-title":"Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and metabolic profile in children with phenylketonuria","volume":"27","author":"Moretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-021-01721-8","article-title":"Continuous use of glycomacropeptide in the nutritional management of patients with phenylketonuria: A clinical perspective","volume":"16","author":"Pena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orphanet. J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.38","article-title":"Nutritional status in patients with phenylketonuria using glycomacropeptide as their major protein source","volume":"71","author":"Pinto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422418000173","article-title":"Optimising amino acid absorption: Essential to improve nitrogen balance and metabolic control in phenylketonuria","volume":"32","author":"MacDonald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-017-0685-2","article-title":"The complete European guidelines on phenylketonuria: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"12","author":"MacDonald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orphanet. J. Rare Dis."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanufre, V., Almeida, M.F., Barbosa, C.S., Carmona, C., Bandeira, A., Martins, E., Rocha, S., Guimas, A., Ribeiro, R., and MacDonald, A. (2021). Metabolic Control of Patients with Phenylketonuria in a Portuguese Metabolic Centre Comparing Three Different Recommendations. Nutrients, 13.","key":"ref_193","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093118"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2006.02.008","article-title":"Role of amino acids in insulin signaling in adipocytes and their potential to decrease insulin resistance of adipose tissue","volume":"17","author":"Hinault","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965899","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.965899","article-title":"Aberrant branched-chain amino acid catabolism in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"9","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3945\/an.111.000737","article-title":"Emerging perspectives on essential amino acid metabolism in obesity and the insulin-resistant state","volume":"2","author":"Adams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cani, P.D., Moens de Hase, E., and Van Hul, M. (2021). Gut Microbiota and Host Metabolism: From Proof of Concept to Therapeutic Intervention. Microorganisms, 9.","key":"ref_197","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9061302"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinninella, E., Raoul, P., Cintoni, M., Franceschi, F., Miggiano, G.A.D., Gasbarrini, A., and Mele, M.C. (2019). What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases. Microorganisms, 7.","key":"ref_198","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.003","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Regulation of Tryptophan Metabolism in Health and Disease","volume":"23","author":"Agus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0332-7","article-title":"Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw1815","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw1815","article-title":"Transforming medicine with the microbiome","volume":"11","author":"Zmora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"unstructured":"Marteau, P., and Dor\u00e9, J. (2017). Dysbiosis. Gut Microbiota: A Full-Fledged Organ, John Libbey Eurotext. [1st ed.].","key":"ref_202"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2017.11.051","article-title":"Early-life gut microbiome and cow\u2019s milk allergy\u2014A prospective case\u2014Control 6-month follow-up study","volume":"25","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0256-8","article-title":"Diet-microbiota interactions and personalized nutrition","volume":"17","author":"Kolodziejczyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0061-2","article-title":"You are what you eat: Diet, health and the gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Zmora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgmr.2021.100794","article-title":"Differences in faecal microbiome composition between adult patients with UCD and PKU and healthy control subjects","volume":"29","author":"Timmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Genet Metab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-21-426","article-title":"A low abundance of genus Bacteroides in gut microbiota is negatively correlated with blood phenylalanine levels in Uygur patients with phenylketonuria","volume":"10","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montanari, C., Ceccarani, C., Corsello, A., Zuvadelli, J., Ottaviano, E., Dei Cas, M., Banderali, G., Zuccotti, G., Borghi, E., and Verduci, E. (2022). Glycomacropeptide Safety and Its Effect on Gut Microbiota in Patients with Phenylketonuria: A Pilot Study. Nutrients, 14.","key":"ref_209","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091883"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancilla, V.J., Mann, A.E., Zhang, Y., and Allen, M.S. (2021). The Adult Phenylketonuria (PKU) Gut Microbiome. Microorganisms, 9.","key":"ref_210","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030530"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassanini, G., Ceccarani, C., Borgo, F., Severgnini, M., Rovelli, V., Morace, G., Verduci, E., and Borghi, E. (2019). Phenylketonuria Diet Promotes Shifts in Firmicutes Populations. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 9.","key":"ref_211","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00101"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinheiro de Oliveira, F., Mendes, R.H., Dobbler, P.T., Mai, V., Pylro, V.S., Waugh, S.G., Vairo, F., Refosco, L.F., Roesch, L.F., and Schwartz, I.V. (2016). Phenylketonuria and Gut Microbiota: A Controlled Study Based on Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS ONE, 11.","key":"ref_212","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157513"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2021.12.011","article-title":"Preliminary Investigation of Microbiome and Dietary Differences in Patients with Phenylketonuria on Enzyme Substitution Therapy Compared to Traditional Therapies","volume":"122","author":"McWhorter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1982.10718998","article-title":"Excess weight among children with phenylketonuria","volume":"1","author":"White","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020095","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-0462\/2021\/39\/2020095","article-title":"Metabolic control and body composition of children and adolescents with phenylketonuria","volume":"39","author":"Nogueira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Paul. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.03.024","article-title":"Nutritional and metabolic parameters of children and adolescents with phenylketonuria","volume":"37","author":"Laufer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tummolo, A., Carella, R., Paterno, G., Bartolomeo, N., Giotta, M., Dicintio, A., De Giovanni, D., and Fischetto, R. (2022). Body composition in adolescent PKU patients: Beyond fat mass. Children, 9.","key":"ref_217","DOI":"10.3390\/children9091353"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2013.05.017","article-title":"Tetrahydrobiopterin therapy vs phenylalanine-restricted diet: Impact on growth in PKU","volume":"109","author":"Bueno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Genet Metab."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgmr.2020.100595","article-title":"Body fat percentage in adolescents with phenylketonuria and associated factors","volume":"23","author":"Camatta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2021.04.009","article-title":"Overweight\/obesity in adolescents with phenylketonuria: Protective and predisposing factors","volume":"98","author":"Silveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_221","first-page":"34","article-title":"[Evaluation of physical development in children with classical phenylketonuria]","volume":"84","author":"Bushueva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vopr. Pitan."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2017.07.007","article-title":"The relationship between dietary intake, growth and body composition in Phenylketonuria","volume":"122","author":"Evans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Genet Metab."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2011.08.002","article-title":"Physical development in patients with phenylketonuria on dietary treatment: A retrospective study","volume":"104","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Genet Metab."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-007-0549-3","article-title":"Growth and body composition in children with classical phenylketonuria: Results in 34 patients and review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Huemer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgmr.2015.12.003","article-title":"Analysis of body composition and nutritional status in Brazilian phenylketonuria patients","volume":"6","author":"Mazzola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Genet Metab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgmr.2020.100599","article-title":"Nutrient intake, body composition, and blood phenylalanine control in children with phenylketonuria compared to healthy controls","volume":"23","author":"Sailer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Genet Metab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2012.07.006","article-title":"High prevalence of overweight and obesity in females with phenylketonuria","volume":"107","author":"Burrage","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Genet Metab."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-010-9149-8","article-title":"Whole body composition analysis by the BodPod air-displacement plethysmography method in children with phenylketonuria shows a higher body fat percentage","volume":"33","author":"Albersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.09.011","article-title":"Anthropometric characteristics and nutrition in a cohort of PAH-deficient patients","volume":"33","author":"Bueno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2014.06.006","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents with phenylketonuria","volume":"91","author":"Kanufre","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71361-8","article-title":"Dietary intake and nutritional status of patients with phenylketonuria in Taiwan","volume":"10","author":"Weng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16061","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.16061","article-title":"Body composition profile of young patients with phenylketonuria and mild hyperphenylalaninemia","volume":"12","author":"Doulgeraki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-018-0847-x","article-title":"Carbohydrate status in patients with phenylketonuria","volume":"13","author":"Couce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orphanet. J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-016-0508-x","article-title":"Lipid profile status and their related factors in patients with Hyperphenylalaninaemia","volume":"11","author":"Couce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orphanet. J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1159\/000520047","article-title":"The Impact of Phenylketonuria on Body Composition in Adults","volume":"78","author":"Barta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2017.04.012","article-title":"Protein intake and physical activity are associated with body composition in individuals with phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency","volume":"121","author":"Jani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Genet Metab."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-019-1188-0","article-title":"The cardiovascular phenotype of adult patients with phenylketonuria","volume":"14","author":"Azabdaftari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orphanet. J. Rare Dis."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dios-Fuentes, E., Gonzalo Marin, M., Rem\u00f3n-Ruiz, P., Benitez Avila, R., Bueno Delgado, M.A., Blasco Alonso, J., Doulatram Gamgaram, V.K., Olveira, G., Soto-Moreno, A., and Venegas-Moreno, E. (2022). Cardiometabolic and Nutritional Morbidities of a Large, Adult, PKU Cohort from Andalusia. Nutrients, 14.","key":"ref_238","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061311"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-023-02636-2","article-title":"Overweight and obesity in adult patients with phenylketonuria: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Tankeu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orphanet. J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_240","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Body Composition and Bone Mineral Quality in Phenylketonuria: Influence of Pubertal Development","volume":"7","author":"Tummolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024063726046","article-title":"Evaluation of nutritional status and pathophysiology of growth retardation in patients with phenylketonuria","volume":"26","author":"Dobbelaere","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daly, A., H\u00f6gler, W., Crabtree, N., Shaw, N., Evans, S., Pinto, A., Jackson, R., Strauss, B.J., Wilcox, G., and Rocha, J.C. (2021). Growth and Body Composition in PKU Children-A Three-Year Prospective Study Comparing the Effects of L-Amino Acid to Glycomacropeptide Protein Substitutes. Nutrients, 13.","key":"ref_242","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041323"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-010-0216-x","article-title":"Bone metabolism and the muscle-bone relationship in children, adolescents and young adults with phenylketonuria","volume":"29","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner Metab."},{"key":"ref_244","first-page":"178","article-title":"Body protein in prepubertal children with phenylketonuria","volume":"50","author":"Allen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2013.10.009","article-title":"Early dietary treated patients with phenylketonuria can achieve normal growth and body composition","volume":"110","author":"Rocha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Genet Metab."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s10897-013-9642-y","article-title":"Practical aspects of recruitment and retention in clinical trials of rare genetic diseases: The phenylketonuria (PKU) experience","volume":"23","author":"DeWard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Genet Couns."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-019-1276-1","article-title":"Canadian Inherited Metabolic Diseases Research Network. Outcomes in pediatric studies of medium-chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency and phenylketonuria (PKU): A review","volume":"15","author":"Pugliese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orphanet. J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020037747","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-037747","article-title":"Canadian Inherited Metabolic Diseases Research Network. Core Outcome Sets for Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Phenylketonuria","volume":"148","author":"Pugliese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g6802","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g6802","article-title":"Innovative research methods for studying treatments for rare diseases: Methodological review","volume":"349","author":"Gagne","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-017-0755-5","article-title":"An overview of the impact of rare disease characteristics on research methodology","volume":"13","author":"Whicher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orphanet. J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1310102","article-title":"The randomized registry trial--the next disruptive technology in clinical research?","volume":"369","author":"Lauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2011.08.023","article-title":"Nutrition in phenylketonuria","volume":"104","author":"MacDonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Genet Metab."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0158-2","article-title":"Body composition and cardiometabolic health: The need for novel concepts","volume":"72","author":"Braun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22210","article-title":"Body Composition Profiling in the UK Biobank Imaging Study","volume":"26","author":"Linge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glt027","article-title":"Body composition explains sex differential in physical performance among older adults","volume":"69","author":"Tseng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/24\/5133\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:40:46Z","timestamp":1760132446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/24\/5133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"references-count":255,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15245133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15245133","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]}}}