{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:35:16Z","timestamp":1760142916451,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We aim to assess the relationship between nutrition status, physical exercise, and cognitive function and particularly examine how happiness modifies and mediates the relationship, among 699 seniors aged 60 and above in Shanghai, China. Linear regression models were used to validate the effects of nutrition and exercise on cognitive function and to test their interaction effects with happiness. When the interactions were significant, stratified analyses in sub-groups were conducted. Mediation effects of happiness were examined using two-step causal mediation models. We confirmed that better nutrition (p &lt; 0.001) and exercise (p = 0.009) were significantly associated with less cognitive decline. Furthermore, the effects of nutrition and exercise on cognitive decline were significant in the unhappy (happiness &lt; 20) (p &lt; 0.001) and younger (age &lt; 74) sub-groups (p = 0.015). Happiness partially mediated 11.5% of the negative association of cognitive decline with nutrition (p = 0.015) and 23.0% of that with exercise (p = 0.017). This study suggests that happiness moderates and partially mediates the effects of exercise and nutrition on cognitive status. The beneficial effects of exercise and nutrition were stronger in less happy or younger seniors. Future intervention studies are required to confirm this path relationship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T05:21:38Z","timestamp":1704691298000},"page":"203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nutritional Status and Physical Exercise Are Associated with Cognitive Function in Chinese Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Role of Happiness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8405-6153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianghong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3999-8432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"McKenna","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"College of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}]},{"given":"Haoer","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4151-7228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominguez, L.J., Veronese, N., Vernuccio, L., Catanese, G., Inzerillo, F., Salemi, G., and Barbagallo, M. (2021). Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Other Lifestyle Factors in the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114080"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"142","article-title":"Strong Relationship between Malnutrition and Cognitive Frailty in the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Studies (SLAS-1 and SLAS-2)","volume":"5","author":"Chye","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2018.1486940","article-title":"Nutritional status is associated with the degree of cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms in a Greek elderly population","volume":"23","author":"Mantzorou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-014-0471-y","article-title":"Nutritional status of an elderly population in Southwest China: A cross-sectional study based on comprehensive geriatric assessment","volume":"19","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.06.035","article-title":"Longitudinal association between nutritional status and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in older women with mild cognitive impairment and early-stage Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"41","author":"Kishino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220344","article-title":"Tea Consumption Is Associated with Reduced Cognitive Decline and Interacts with Iron Intake: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study on 4,820 Old Adults","volume":"90","author":"Sukik","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521004402","article-title":"Association between egg consumption and cognitive function among Chinese adults: Long-term effect and interaction effect of iron intake","volume":"128","author":"Sukik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2018.12.5.415","article-title":"Association between diets and mild cognitive impairment in adults aged 50 years or older","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-013-0348-5","article-title":"A cross sectional study to examine the association between dietary patterns and cognitive impairment in older Chinese people in Hong Kong","volume":"17","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518002945","article-title":"Effect of dietary interventions in mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review","volume":"120","author":"McGrattan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.1668","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet and Age-Related Cognitive Decline: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"175","author":"Corella","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-018-0229-y","article-title":"The Role of Nutrition in Cognitive Function and Brain Ageing in the Elderly","volume":"7","author":"Gardener","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melzer, T.M., Manosso, L.M., Yau, S.-Y., Gil-Mohapel, J., and Brocardo, P.S. (2021). In Pursuit of Healthy Aging: Effects of Nutrition on Brain Function. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22095026"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13062","article-title":"Nutrient intake, nutritional status, and cognitive function with aging","volume":"1367","author":"Tucker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Bai, C., Feng, Q., and Gu, D. (2023). Serum Vitamin D3 Concentration, Sleep, and Cognitive Impairment among Older Adults in China. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194192"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.08.022","article-title":"Physical exercise and cognitive function across the life span: Results of a nationwide population-based study","volume":"21","author":"Gaertner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzx074","article-title":"Cross-Sectional Relationships of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior With Cognitive Function in Older Adults With Probable Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"97","author":"Falck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106279","article-title":"Cross-sectional association between physical activity level and subjective cognitive decline among US adults aged \u226545 years, 2015","volume":"141","author":"Omura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2014-0253","article-title":"A Cross-Sectional Study of the Relationship of Physical Activity with Depression and Cognitive Deficit in Older Adults","volume":"24","author":"Paulo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003332","article-title":"Aerobic exercise and vascular cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"87","author":"Best","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00336","article-title":"Aerobic Exercise Intervention, Cognitive Performance, and Brain Structure: Results from the Physical Influences on Brain in Aging (PHIBRA) Study","volume":"8","author":"Jonasson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215520930256","article-title":"Effect of Baduanjin exercise on cognitive function in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568.e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2012.03.008","article-title":"A 1-Year Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Mind Body Exercise (Tai Chi) With Stretching and Toning Exercise on Cognitive Function in Older Chinese Adults at Risk of Cognitive Decline","volume":"13","author":"Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2023.03.021","article-title":"Culturally tailored group Qigong exercise in older Chinese immigrants: A feasibility study","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geriatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blondell, S.J., Hammersley-Mather, R., and Veerman, J.L. (2014). Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-510"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096587","article-title":"Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Northey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-009-9488-x","article-title":"Biological Mechanisms of Physical Activity in Preventing Cognitive Decline","volume":"30","author":"Lista","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"j2709","article-title":"Physical activity, cognitive decline, and risk of dementia: 28 year follow-up of Whitehall II cohort study","volume":"357","author":"Aline","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31823032a9","article-title":"The Mediterranean diet is not related to cognitive change in a large prospective investigation: The PATH Through Life study","volume":"20","author":"Cherbuin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"757","article-title":"The association between happiness and cognitive function in the UK Biobank","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13673","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13673","article-title":"Happiness, depression, physical activity and cognition among the middle and old-aged population in China: A conditional process analysis","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, H.Y., Chen, W., Wang, C.W., Yang, H.F., Huang, W.T., and Fan, S.Y. (2020). The Relationships between Physical Activity and Life Satisfaction and Happiness among Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134817"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-018-9976-0","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Happiness","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards, J., Jiang, X., Kelly, P., Chau, J., Bauman, A., and Ding, D. (2015). Don\u2019t worry, be happy: Cross-sectional associations between physical activity and happiness in 15 European countries. BMC Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1391-4"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.2.318","article-title":"How do health and biological age influence chronological age and sex differences in cognitive aging: Moderating, mediating, or both?","volume":"21","author":"Wahlin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5666","article-title":"Factors associated with depression across age groups of older adults: The Singapore Chinese health study","volume":"37","author":"Barrenetxea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Guigoz, Y., Vellas, B., and Garry, P. (1997). The Mini Nutritional Assessment: MNA Nutrition in the Elderly, Serdi Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-020-00613-0","article-title":"Clinical measurement properties of malnutrition assessment tools for use with patients in hospitals: A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"134","article-title":"Reliability of the Mini Nutritional, Assessment (MNA)","volume":"6","author":"Bleda","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S41941","article-title":"Assessing the nutritional status of elderly Chinese lung cancer patients using the Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA(\u00ae)) tool","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Achenbach, T.M., Newhouse, P.A., and Rescorla, L.A. (2004). Manual for the ASEBA Older Adult Forms & Profiles: For Ages 60\u201390+: Older Adult Self-Report: Older Adult Behavior Checklist: An Integrated System of Multi-Informant Assessment, ASEBA."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3928\/00989134-20220630-01","article-title":"Application of the older adult self-report and older adult behavior checklist to Chinese older adults: Syndrome structure and inter-informant agreement","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5268","article-title":"The generalizability of Older Adult Self-Report (OASR) syndromes of psychopathology across 20 societies","volume":"35","author":"Ivanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Sun, M.A., Sun, Q., Mei, H., Rao, H., and Liu, J. (2023). Mental Fatigue Is Associated with Subjective Cognitive Decline among Older Adults. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13030376"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006824100041","article-title":"A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation","volume":"46","author":"Lyubomirsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-014-9389-3","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Subjective Happiness Scale: Evidence from the Hong Kong FAMILY Cohort","volume":"21","author":"Nan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03330450047024","article-title":"Association Between Nutritional Status and Cognitive Functioning in a Healthy Elderly Population","volume":"249","author":"Goodwin","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040476","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1040476","article-title":"Decreased circulating branched-chain amino acids are associated with development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"9","author":"Ikeuchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181845f0b","article-title":"The Effects of Exercise on Cognition in Older Adults With and Without Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review","volume":"18","author":"Paw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666180406105149","article-title":"The Potential Mechanisms of Exercise-induced Cognitive Protection: A Literature Review","volume":"24","author":"Norman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-015-0610-0","article-title":"Are a healthy diet and physical activity synergistically associated with cognitive functioning in older adults?","volume":"20","author":"Nijholt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1144","article-title":"Physical Activity, Diet, and Risk of Alzheimer Disease","volume":"302","author":"Scarmeas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101336","article-title":"Malnutrition is positively associated with cognitive decline in centenarians and oldest-old adults: A cross-sectional study","volume":"47","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2017.04.001","article-title":"Sedentary behavior as a risk factor for cognitive decline? A focus on the influence of glycemic control in brain health","volume":"3","author":"Wheeler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. Transl. Res. Clin. Interv."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00571","article-title":"Circuits Regulating Pleasure and Happiness\u2014Mechanisms of Depression","volume":"10","author":"Loonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210280","article-title":"The Relationship Between Cardiovascular Health and Rate of Cognitive Decline in Young-Old and Old-Old Adults: A Population-Based Study","volume":"84","author":"Speh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2012.743961","article-title":"Relationship between depression and risk of malnutrition among community-dwelling young-old and old-old elderly people","volume":"17","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2009.07.004","article-title":"Body composition changes with aging: The cause or the result of alterations in metabolic rate and macronutrient oxidation?","volume":"26","author":"Gallagher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-160040","article-title":"The Effects of Acute Exercise on Mood, Cognition, Neurophysiology, and Neurochemical Pathways: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Basso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Plast."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1468","article-title":"Happiness & Health: The Biological Factors- Systematic Review Article","volume":"43","author":"Dfarhud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2005.036665","article-title":"Ageing and the brain: This article is part of a series on ageing edited by Professor Chris Bulpitt","volume":"82","author":"Peters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briguglio, M., Dell\u2019Osso, B., Panzica, G., Malgaroli, A., Banfi, G., Zanaboni Dina, C., Galentino, R., and Porta, M. (2018). Dietary Neurotransmitters: A Narrative Review on Current Knowledge. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050591"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01922-0","article-title":"Role of diet and its effects on the gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of mental disorders","volume":"12","author":"Horn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/2\/203\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:42:09Z","timestamp":1760103729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/2\/203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16020203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16020203","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]}}}