{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T18:22:30Z","timestamp":1776363750961,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P. (Portugal)","award":["DOI 10.54499\/UIDB\/04567\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOI 10.54499\/UIDB\/04567\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P. (Portugal)","award":["DOI 10.54499\/UIDP\/04567\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOI 10.54499\/UIDP\/04567\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With a significant portion of the population adopting veganism and conflicting views among nutrition professionals regarding the necessity of vitamin B12 supplementation, this review aims to explore existing studies evaluating interventions through food supplementation. It focuses on the impact of vitamin B12 deficiency across different demographics. The present study seeks to understand how research has addressed the relationship between the rise in veganism and vitamin B12 deficiency over the past decade. A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA flow diagram. Studies from 2010 to 2023 were identified using Boolean operators and key terms in electronic databases such as PubMed\/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EBSCO (Library, Information Science &amp; Technology Abstracts, and Academic Search Complete). Out of 217 articles identified, 70 studies were included. The topical analysis categorized the studies into three groups: those associating vitamin B12 deficiency with diseases (n = 14), those analyzing the dietary habits of vegetarian individuals (vegan or not) without a specific focus on vitamin B12 (n = 49), and those addressing food guides and nutrition institution positions (n = 7). The authors concluded that vitamin B12 deficiency is prevalent among vegans due to limited consumption of animal products. For vegetarians, supplementation is an efficient means of treating and preventing deficiency; a daily dose of 50 to 100 micrograms is advised. There are still significant gaps in the research, nevertheless, such as the absence of randomized controlled trials evaluating various forms or dosages of vitamin B12 among vegetarians and the requirement for more information and awareness of the vitamin\u2019s significance in vegan diets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16101442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T03:34:01Z","timestamp":1715571241000},"page":"1442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Exploring Vitamin B12 Supplementation in the Vegan Population: A Scoping Review of the Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5299-6067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e1vio","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1238-1798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Rua 5 de Outubro\u2014S. Martinho do Bispo, Apartado 7006, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alda","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"University Clinic of General and Family Medicine, Ecogenetics and Human Health Unity, Institute for Environmental Health, Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental (ISAMB), 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9887-0973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria do C\u00e9u","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"N\u00facleo de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias da Sa\u00fade (NICiTeS), Polytechnic Institute of Lusophony, ERISA\u2014Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade Ribeiro Sanches, 1900-693 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5286-2249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ariana","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmonta\u00f1a s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6049-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE\u2014Health Research Network, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Centre of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CACTMAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, March 31). 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