{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T21:47:38Z","timestamp":1773956858037,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":235,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["CINTESIS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CINTESIS"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["2023.04302.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.04302.BD"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Unit (reference UIDB\/4255\/2020). CIFI2D is financed by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["CINTESIS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CINTESIS"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Unit (reference UIDB\/4255\/2020). CIFI2D is financed by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2023.04302.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.04302.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite decades of literature on (de)hydration in healthy individuals, many unanswered questions remain. To outline research and policy priorities, it is fundamental to recognize the literature trends on (de)hydration and identify current research gaps, which herein we aimed to pinpoint. From a representative sample of 180 (de)hydration studies with 4350 individuals, we found that research is mainly limited to small-scale laboratory-based sample sizes, with high variability in demographics (sex, age, and level of competition); to non-ecological (highly simulated and controlled) conditions; and with a focus on recreationally active male adults (e.g., Tier 1, non-athletes). The laboratory-simulated environments are limiting factors underpinning the need to better translate scientific research into field studies. Although, consistently, dehydration is defined as the loss of 2% of body weight, the hydration status is estimated using a very heterogeneous range of parameters. Water is the most researched hydration fluid, followed by alcoholic beverages with added carbohydrates (CHO). The current research still overlooks beverages supplemented with proteins, amino acids (AA), and glycerol. Future research should invest more effort in \u201creal-world\u201d studies with larger and more heterogeneous cohorts, exploring the entire available spectrum of fluids while addressing hydration outcomes more harmoniously.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T10:42:34Z","timestamp":1717065754000},"page":"1709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Trends and Missing Links in (De)Hydration Research: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7739-8887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Rebelo-Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Magismed Innovation Institute, 4710-353 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Coelho-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0499-9790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"De Sousa Lages","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Department, Hospital de Braga, 4710-243 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7636-7816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Espregueira\u2014FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, 4350-415 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Dom Henrique Research Centre, 4350-415 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2038-393X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Espregueira\u2014FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, 4350-415 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Dom Henrique Research Centre, 4350-415 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Higher School of Health Fernando Pessoa, 4200-253 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9286-4716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor Hugo","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, CIAFEL, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, FADEUP, 4200-540 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, ITR, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1151-8791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"J\u00e1come","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, MEDCIDS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2010.00304.x","article-title":"Water, hydration, and health","volume":"68","author":"Popkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. 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