{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T06:04:27Z","timestamp":1777183467639,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000043"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["UIDB\/04106\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04106\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia)","award":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000043"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia)","award":["UIDB\/04106\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04106\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent chronic autoimmune disease with a high impact on global health, affecting millions of adults and resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Achieving optimal blood glucose levels is crucial for diabetes management to prevent acute and long-term complications. Carbohydrate counting (CC) is widely used by patients with type 1 diabetes to adjust prandial insulin bolus doses based on estimated carbohydrate content, contributing to better glycemic control and improved quality of life. However, accurately estimating the carbohydrate content of meals remains challenging for patients, leading to errors in bolus insulin dosing. This review explores the current limitations and challenges in CC accuracy and emphasizes the importance of personalized educational programs to enhance patients\u2019 abilities in carbohydrate estimation. Existing tools for assessing patient learning outcomes in CC are discussed, highlighting the need for individualized approaches tailored to each patient\u2019s needs. A comprehensive review of the relevant literature was conducted to identify educational programs and assessment tools dedicated to training diabetes patients on carbohydrate counting. The research aims to provide insights into the benefits and limitations of existing tools and identifies future research directions to advance personalized CC training approaches. By adopting a personalized approach to CC education and assessment, healthcare professionals can empower patients to achieve better glycemic control and improve diabetes management. Moreover, this review identifies potential avenues for future research, paving the way for advancements in personalized CC training and assessment approaches and further enhancing diabetes management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T13:22:36Z","timestamp":1720531356000},"page":"2183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Assessing Carbohydrate Counting Accuracy: Current Limitations and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1448-1779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9bora","family":"Amorim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Digital Transformation Laboratory (Adit-LAB), Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7700-1269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Research and Development in Mathematics and Applications (CIDMA), Department of Mathematics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"proMetheus, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7273-7270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health of the Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019Alvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7510-2202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Gra\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), School of Health of the Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019Alvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO)\/Health Research Network (RISE-Health), School of Health of the Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), School of Health of the Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019Alvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Aurora","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), School of Health of the Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019Alvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Clementina","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), School of Health of the Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019Alvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Felgueiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health of the Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019Alvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9005-9599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Digital Transformation Laboratory (Adit-LAB), Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Campus Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021). 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